Index
1 BT-Epoxy Market Overview
1.1 Product Definition
1.2 BT-Epoxy Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global BT-Epoxy Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Type 2023 VS 2030
1.2.2 High Thermal Conductivity BT-Epoxy
1.2.3 Low Dielectric BT-Epoxy
1.2.4 Others
1.3 BT-Epoxy Segment by Application
1.3.1 Global BT-Epoxy Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Application: 2023 VS 2030
1.3.2 Printed Circuit Boards
1.3.3 Semiconductor Packaging
1.3.4 Aerospace and Defense
1.3.5 Automotive Electronics
1.3.6 Others
1.4 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.4.1 Global BT-Epoxy Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.2 Global BT-Epoxy Production Capacity Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.3 Global BT-Epoxy Production Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.4 Global BT-Epoxy Market Average Price Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.5 Assumptions and Limitations
2 Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global BT-Epoxy Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.2 Global BT-Epoxy Production Value Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.3 Global Key Players of BT-Epoxy, Industry Ranking, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
2.4 Global BT-Epoxy Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
2.5 Global BT-Epoxy Average Price by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.6 Global Key Manufacturers of BT-Epoxy, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
2.7 Global Key Manufacturers of BT-Epoxy, Product Offered and Application
2.8 Global Key Manufacturers of BT-Epoxy, Date of Enter into This Industry
2.9 BT-Epoxy Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.9.1 BT-Epoxy Market Concentration Rate
2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest BT-Epoxy Players Market Share by Revenue
2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 BT-Epoxy Production by Region
3.1 Global BT-Epoxy Production Value Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
3.2 Global BT-Epoxy Production Value by Region (2019-2030)
3.2.1 Global BT-Epoxy Production Value Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
3.2.2 Global Forecasted Production Value of BT-Epoxy by Region (2025-2030)
3.3 Global BT-Epoxy Production Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
3.4 Global BT-Epoxy Production by Region (2019-2030)
3.4.1 Global BT-Epoxy Production Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
3.4.2 Global Forecasted Production of BT-Epoxy by Region (2025-2030)
3.5 Global BT-Epoxy Market Price Analysis by Region (2019-2024)
3.6 Global BT-Epoxy Production and Value, Year-over-Year Growth
3.6.1 North America BT-Epoxy Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.2 Europe BT-Epoxy Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.3 China BT-Epoxy Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.4 Japan BT-Epoxy Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
4 BT-Epoxy Consumption by Region
4.1 Global BT-Epoxy Consumption Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.2 Global BT-Epoxy Consumption by Region (2019-2030)
4.2.1 Global BT-Epoxy Consumption by Region (2019-2024)
4.2.2 Global BT-Epoxy Forecasted Consumption by Region (2025-2030)
4.3 North America
4.3.1 North America BT-Epoxy Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.3.2 North America BT-Epoxy Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.3.3 United States
4.3.4 Canada
4.4 Europe
4.4.1 Europe BT-Epoxy Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.4.2 Europe BT-Epoxy Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.4.3 Germany
4.4.4 France
4.4.5 U.K.
4.4.6 Italy
4.4.7 Netherlands
4.5 Asia Pacific
4.5.1 Asia Pacific BT-Epoxy Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.5.2 Asia Pacific BT-Epoxy Consumption by Region (2019-2030)
4.5.3 China
4.5.4 Japan
4.5.5 South Korea
4.5.6 China Taiwan
4.5.7 Southeast Asia
4.5.8 India
4.6 Latin America, Middle East & Africa
4.6.1 Latin America, Middle East & Africa BT-Epoxy Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.6.2 Latin America, Middle East & Africa BT-Epoxy Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.6.3 Mexico
4.6.4 Brazil
4.6.5 Turkey
4.6.6 GCC Countries
5 Segment by Type
5.1 Global BT-Epoxy Production by Type (2019-2030)
5.1.1 Global BT-Epoxy Production by Type (2019-2024)
5.1.2 Global BT-Epoxy Production by Type (2025-2030)
5.1.3 Global BT-Epoxy Production Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.2 Global BT-Epoxy Production Value by Type (2019-2030)
5.2.1 Global BT-Epoxy Production Value by Type (2019-2024)
5.2.2 Global BT-Epoxy Production Value by Type (2025-2030)
5.2.3 Global BT-Epoxy Production Value Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.3 Global BT-Epoxy Price by Type (2019-2030)
6 Segment by Application
6.1 Global BT-Epoxy Production by Application (2019-2030)
6.1.1 Global BT-Epoxy Production by Application (2019-2024)
6.1.2 Global BT-Epoxy Production by Application (2025-2030)
6.1.3 Global BT-Epoxy Production Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.2 Global BT-Epoxy Production Value by Application (2019-2030)
6.2.1 Global BT-Epoxy Production Value by Application (2019-2024)
6.2.2 Global BT-Epoxy Production Value by Application (2025-2030)
6.2.3 Global BT-Epoxy Production Value Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.3 Global BT-Epoxy Price by Application (2019-2030)
7 Key Companies Profiled
7.1 Mitsubishi Gas Chemical
7.1.1 Mitsubishi Gas Chemical BT-Epoxy Corporation Information
7.1.2 Mitsubishi Gas Chemical BT-Epoxy Product Portfolio
7.1.3 Mitsubishi Gas Chemical BT-Epoxy Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.1.4 Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Main Business and Markets Served
7.1.5 Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Recent Developments/Updates
7.2 Hitachi Chemical
7.2.1 Hitachi Chemical BT-Epoxy Corporation Information
7.2.2 Hitachi Chemical BT-Epoxy Product Portfolio
7.2.3 Hitachi Chemical BT-Epoxy Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.2.4 Hitachi Chemical Main Business and Markets Served
7.2.5 Hitachi Chemical Recent Developments/Updates
7.3 Kinsus
7.3.1 Kinsus BT-Epoxy Corporation Information
7.3.2 Kinsus BT-Epoxy Product Portfolio
7.3.3 Kinsus BT-Epoxy Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.3.4 Kinsus Main Business and Markets Served
7.3.5 Kinsus Recent Developments/Updates
7.4 Isola Group
7.4.1 Isola Group BT-Epoxy Corporation Information
7.4.2 Isola Group BT-Epoxy Product Portfolio
7.4.3 Isola Group BT-Epoxy Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.4.4 Isola Group Main Business and Markets Served
7.4.5 Isola Group Recent Developments/Updates
7.5 J-Stage
7.5.1 J-Stage BT-Epoxy Corporation Information
7.5.2 J-Stage BT-Epoxy Product Portfolio
7.5.3 J-Stage BT-Epoxy Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.5.4 J-Stage Main Business and Markets Served
7.5.5 J-Stage Recent Developments/Updates
7.6 UNION TOOL CO.
7.6.1 UNION TOOL CO. BT-Epoxy Corporation Information
7.6.2 UNION TOOL CO. BT-Epoxy Product Portfolio
7.6.3 UNION TOOL CO. BT-Epoxy Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.6.4 UNION TOOL CO. Main Business and Markets Served
7.6.5 UNION TOOL CO. Recent Developments/Updates
8 Industry Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
8.1 BT-Epoxy Industry Chain Analysis
8.2 BT-Epoxy Key Raw Materials
8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
8.3 BT-Epoxy Production Mode & Process
8.4 BT-Epoxy Sales and Marketing
8.4.1 BT-Epoxy Sales Channels
8.4.2 BT-Epoxy Distributors
8.5 BT-Epoxy Customers
9 BT-Epoxy Market Dynamics
9.1 BT-Epoxy Industry Trends
9.2 BT-Epoxy Market Drivers
9.3 BT-Epoxy Market Challenges
9.4 BT-Epoxy Market Restraints
10 Research Finding and Conclusion
11 Methodology and Data Source
11.1 Methodology/Research Approach
11.1.1 Research Programs/Design
11.1.2 Market Size Estimation
11.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
11.2 Data Source
11.2.1 Secondary Sources
11.2.2 Primary Sources
11.3 Author List
11.4 Disclaimer
List of Tables
List of Tables
Table 1. Global BT-Epoxy Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Table 2. Global BT-Epoxy Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Table 3. Global BT-Epoxy Production Capacity (Tons) by Manufacturers in 2023
Table 4. Global BT-Epoxy Production by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Table 5. Global BT-Epoxy Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 6. Global BT-Epoxy Production Value by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global BT-Epoxy Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 8. Global BT-Epoxy Industry Ranking 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in BT-Epoxy as of 2023)
Table 10. Global Market BT-Epoxy Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Ton) & (2019-2024)
Table 11. Manufacturers BT-Epoxy Production Sites and Area Served
Table 12. Manufacturers BT-Epoxy Product Types
Table 13. Global BT-Epoxy Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 14. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
Table 15. Global BT-Epoxy Production Value by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 16. Global BT-Epoxy Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 17. Global BT-Epoxy Production Value Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 18. Global BT-Epoxy Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 19. Global BT-Epoxy Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 20. Global BT-Epoxy Production Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Tons)
Table 21. Global BT-Epoxy Production (Tons) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 22. Global BT-Epoxy Production Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 23. Global BT-Epoxy Production (Tons) Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 24. Global BT-Epoxy Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 25. Global BT-Epoxy Market Average Price (US$/Ton) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 26. Global BT-Epoxy Market Average Price (US$/Ton) by Region (2025-2030)
Table 27. Global BT-Epoxy Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Tons)
Table 28. Global BT-Epoxy Consumption by Region (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Table 29. Global BT-Epoxy Consumption Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 30. Global BT-Epoxy Forecasted Consumption by Region (2025-2030) & (Tons)
Table 31. Global BT-Epoxy Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 32. North America BT-Epoxy Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Tons)
Table 33. North America BT-Epoxy Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Table 34. North America BT-Epoxy Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (Tons)
Table 35. Europe BT-Epoxy Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Tons)
Table 36. Europe BT-Epoxy Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Table 37. Europe BT-Epoxy Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (Tons)
Table 38. Asia Pacific BT-Epoxy Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Tons)
Table 39. Asia Pacific BT-Epoxy Consumption by Region (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Table 40. Asia Pacific BT-Epoxy Consumption by Region (2025-2030) & (Tons)
Table 41. Latin America, Middle East & Africa BT-Epoxy Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Tons)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa BT-Epoxy Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa BT-Epoxy Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (Tons)
Table 44. Global BT-Epoxy Production (Tons) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 45. Global BT-Epoxy Production (Tons) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 46. Global BT-Epoxy Production Market Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 47. Global BT-Epoxy Production Market Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 48. Global BT-Epoxy Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 49. Global BT-Epoxy Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 50. Global BT-Epoxy Production Value Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 51. Global BT-Epoxy Production Value Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 52. Global BT-Epoxy Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 53. Global BT-Epoxy Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 54. Global BT-Epoxy Production (Tons) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 55. Global BT-Epoxy Production (Tons) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 56. Global BT-Epoxy Production Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 57. Global BT-Epoxy Production Market Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 58. Global BT-Epoxy Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 59. Global BT-Epoxy Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 60. Global BT-Epoxy Production Value Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 61. Global BT-Epoxy Production Value Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 62. Global BT-Epoxy Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 63. Global BT-Epoxy Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 64. Mitsubishi Gas Chemical BT-Epoxy Corporation Information
Table 65. Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Specification and Application
Table 66. Mitsubishi Gas Chemical BT-Epoxy Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 67. Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Main Business and Markets Served
Table 68. Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Recent Developments/Updates
Table 69. Hitachi Chemical BT-Epoxy Corporation Information
Table 70. Hitachi Chemical Specification and Application
Table 71. Hitachi Chemical BT-Epoxy Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 72. Hitachi Chemical Main Business and Markets Served
Table 73. Hitachi Chemical Recent Developments/Updates
Table 74. Kinsus BT-Epoxy Corporation Information
Table 75. Kinsus Specification and Application
Table 76. Kinsus BT-Epoxy Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 77. Kinsus Main Business and Markets Served
Table 78. Kinsus Recent Developments/Updates
Table 79. Isola Group BT-Epoxy Corporation Information
Table 80. Isola Group Specification and Application
Table 81. Isola Group BT-Epoxy Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 82. Isola Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 83. Isola Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 84. J-Stage BT-Epoxy Corporation Information
Table 85. J-Stage Specification and Application
Table 86. J-Stage BT-Epoxy Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 87. J-Stage Main Business and Markets Served
Table 88. J-Stage Recent Developments/Updates
Table 89. UNION TOOL CO. BT-Epoxy Corporation Information
Table 90. UNION TOOL CO. Specification and Application
Table 91. UNION TOOL CO. BT-Epoxy Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 92. UNION TOOL CO. Main Business and Markets Served
Table 93. UNION TOOL CO. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 94. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 95. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 96. BT-Epoxy Distributors List
Table 97. BT-Epoxy Customers List
Table 98. BT-Epoxy Market Trends
Table 99. BT-Epoxy Market Drivers
Table 100. BT-Epoxy Market Challenges
Table 101. BT-Epoxy Market Restraints
Table 102. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 103. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 104. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of BT-Epoxy
Figure 2. Global BT-Epoxy Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Figure 3. Global BT-Epoxy Market Share by Type: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 4. High Thermal Conductivity BT-Epoxy Product Picture
Figure 5. Low Dielectric BT-Epoxy Product Picture
Figure 6. Others Product Picture
Figure 7. Global BT-Epoxy Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Figure 8. Global BT-Epoxy Market Share by Application: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 9. Printed Circuit Boards
Figure 10. Semiconductor Packaging
Figure 11. Aerospace and Defense
Figure 12. Automotive Electronics
Figure 13. Others
Figure 14. Global BT-Epoxy Production Value (US$ Million), 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 15. Global BT-Epoxy Production Value (US$ Million) & (2019-2030)
Figure 16. Global BT-Epoxy Production Capacity (Tons) & (2019-2030)
Figure 17. Global BT-Epoxy Production (Tons) & (2019-2030)
Figure 18. Global BT-Epoxy Average Price (US$/Ton) & (2019-2030)
Figure 19. BT-Epoxy Report Years Considered
Figure 20. BT-Epoxy Production Share by Manufacturers in 2023
Figure 21. BT-Epoxy Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2019 VS 2023
Figure 22. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by BT-Epoxy Revenue in 2023
Figure 23. Global BT-Epoxy Production Value by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 24. Global BT-Epoxy Production Value Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 25. Global BT-Epoxy Production Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Tons)
Figure 26. Global BT-Epoxy Production Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 27. North America BT-Epoxy Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 28. Europe BT-Epoxy Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 29. China BT-Epoxy Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 30. Japan BT-Epoxy Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 31. Global BT-Epoxy Consumption by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Tons)
Figure 32. Global BT-Epoxy Consumption Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 33. North America BT-Epoxy Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 34. North America BT-Epoxy Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 35. Canada BT-Epoxy Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 36. U.S. BT-Epoxy Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 37. Europe BT-Epoxy Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 38. Europe BT-Epoxy Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 39. Germany BT-Epoxy Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 40. France BT-Epoxy Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 41. U.K. BT-Epoxy Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 42. Italy BT-Epoxy Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 43. Russia BT-Epoxy Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 44. Asia Pacific BT-Epoxy Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 45. Asia Pacific BT-Epoxy Consumption Market Share by Regions (2019-2030)
Figure 46. China BT-Epoxy Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 47. Japan BT-Epoxy Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 48. South Korea BT-Epoxy Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 49. China Taiwan BT-Epoxy Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 50. Southeast Asia BT-Epoxy Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 51. India BT-Epoxy Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 52. Latin America, Middle East & Africa BT-Epoxy Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 53. Latin America, Middle East & Africa BT-Epoxy Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 54. Mexico BT-Epoxy Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 55. Brazil BT-Epoxy Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 56. Turkey BT-Epoxy Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 57. GCC Countries BT-Epoxy Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 58. Global Production Market Share of BT-Epoxy by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 59. Global Production Value Market Share of BT-Epoxy by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 60. Global BT-Epoxy Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 61. Global Production Market Share of BT-Epoxy by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 62. Global Production Value Market Share of BT-Epoxy by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 63. Global BT-Epoxy Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 64. BT-Epoxy Value Chain
Figure 65. BT-Epoxy Production Process
Figure 66. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 67. Distributors Profiles
Figure 68. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 69. Data Triangulation