Index
1 Craft Cannabis Market Overview
1.1 Product Definition
1.2 Craft Cannabis Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Craft Cannabis Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Type 2023 VS 2030
1.2.2 Dry Cannabis
1.2.3 Oil Cannabis
1.2.4 Other
1.3 Craft Cannabis Segment by Application
1.3.1 Global Craft Cannabis Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Application: 2023 VS 2030
1.3.2 Recreational
1.3.3 Medical
1.4 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.4.1 Global Craft Cannabis Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.2 Global Craft Cannabis Production Capacity Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.3 Global Craft Cannabis Production Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.4 Global Craft Cannabis Market Average Price Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.5 Assumptions and Limitations
2 Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Craft Cannabis Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.2 Global Craft Cannabis Production Value Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.3 Global Key Players of Craft Cannabis, Industry Ranking, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
2.4 Global Craft Cannabis Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
2.5 Global Craft Cannabis Average Price by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.6 Global Key Manufacturers of Craft Cannabis, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
2.7 Global Key Manufacturers of Craft Cannabis, Product Offered and Application
2.8 Global Key Manufacturers of Craft Cannabis, Date of Enter into This Industry
2.9 Craft Cannabis Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.9.1 Craft Cannabis Market Concentration Rate
2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Craft Cannabis Players Market Share by Revenue
2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Craft Cannabis Production by Region
3.1 Global Craft Cannabis Production Value Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
3.2 Global Craft Cannabis Production Value by Region (2019-2030)
3.2.1 Global Craft Cannabis Production Value Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
3.2.2 Global Forecasted Production Value of Craft Cannabis by Region (2025-2030)
3.3 Global Craft Cannabis Production Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
3.4 Global Craft Cannabis Production by Region (2019-2030)
3.4.1 Global Craft Cannabis Production Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
3.4.2 Global Forecasted Production of Craft Cannabis by Region (2025-2030)
3.5 Global Craft Cannabis Market Price Analysis by Region (2019-2024)
3.6 Global Craft Cannabis Production and Value, Year-over-Year Growth
3.6.1 North America Craft Cannabis Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.2 Europe Craft Cannabis Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.3 China Craft Cannabis Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.4 Japan Craft Cannabis Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
4 Craft Cannabis Consumption by Region
4.1 Global Craft Cannabis Consumption Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.2 Global Craft Cannabis Consumption by Region (2019-2030)
4.2.1 Global Craft Cannabis Consumption by Region (2019-2024)
4.2.2 Global Craft Cannabis Forecasted Consumption by Region (2025-2030)
4.3 North America
4.3.1 North America Craft Cannabis Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.3.2 North America Craft Cannabis Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.3.3 United States
4.3.4 Canada
4.4 Europe
4.4.1 Europe Craft Cannabis Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.4.2 Europe Craft Cannabis Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.4.3 Germany
4.4.4 France
4.4.5 U.K.
4.4.6 Italy
4.4.7 Russia
4.5 Asia Pacific
4.5.1 Asia Pacific Craft Cannabis Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.5.2 Asia Pacific Craft Cannabis Consumption by Region (2019-2030)
4.5.3 China
4.5.4 Japan
4.5.5 South Korea
4.5.6 China Taiwan
4.5.7 Southeast Asia
4.5.8 India
4.6 Latin America, Middle East & Africa
4.6.1 Latin America, Middle East & Africa Craft Cannabis Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.6.2 Latin America, Middle East & Africa Craft Cannabis Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.6.3 Mexico
4.6.4 Brazil
4.6.5 Turkey
5 Segment by Type
5.1 Global Craft Cannabis Production by Type (2019-2030)
5.1.1 Global Craft Cannabis Production by Type (2019-2024)
5.1.2 Global Craft Cannabis Production by Type (2025-2030)
5.1.3 Global Craft Cannabis Production Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.2 Global Craft Cannabis Production Value by Type (2019-2030)
5.2.1 Global Craft Cannabis Production Value by Type (2019-2024)
5.2.2 Global Craft Cannabis Production Value by Type (2025-2030)
5.2.3 Global Craft Cannabis Production Value Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.3 Global Craft Cannabis Price by Type (2019-2030)
6 Segment by Application
6.1 Global Craft Cannabis Production by Application (2019-2030)
6.1.1 Global Craft Cannabis Production by Application (2019-2024)
6.1.2 Global Craft Cannabis Production by Application (2025-2030)
6.1.3 Global Craft Cannabis Production Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.2 Global Craft Cannabis Production Value by Application (2019-2030)
6.2.1 Global Craft Cannabis Production Value by Application (2019-2024)
6.2.2 Global Craft Cannabis Production Value by Application (2025-2030)
6.2.3 Global Craft Cannabis Production Value Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.3 Global Craft Cannabis Price by Application (2019-2030)
7 Key Companies Profiled
7.1 Dreamland Organics
7.1.1 Dreamland Organics Craft Cannabis Corporation Information
7.1.2 Dreamland Organics Craft Cannabis Product Portfolio
7.1.3 Dreamland Organics Craft Cannabis Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.1.4 Dreamland Organics Main Business and Markets Served
7.1.5 Dreamland Organics Recent Developments/Updates
7.2 Pasha Brands Ltd
7.2.1 Pasha Brands Ltd Craft Cannabis Corporation Information
7.2.2 Pasha Brands Ltd Craft Cannabis Product Portfolio
7.2.3 Pasha Brands Ltd Craft Cannabis Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.2.4 Pasha Brands Ltd Main Business and Markets Served
7.2.5 Pasha Brands Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
7.3 Canopy Growth Corporation
7.3.1 Canopy Growth Corporation Craft Cannabis Corporation Information
7.3.2 Canopy Growth Corporation Craft Cannabis Product Portfolio
7.3.3 Canopy Growth Corporation Craft Cannabis Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.3.4 Canopy Growth Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
7.3.5 Canopy Growth Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
7.4 Cronos Group Inc.
7.4.1 Cronos Group Inc. Craft Cannabis Corporation Information
7.4.2 Cronos Group Inc. Craft Cannabis Product Portfolio
7.4.3 Cronos Group Inc. Craft Cannabis Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.4.4 Cronos Group Inc. Main Business and Markets Served
7.4.5 Cronos Group Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
7.5 Tilray,Inc.
7.5.1 Tilray,Inc. Craft Cannabis Corporation Information
7.5.2 Tilray,Inc. Craft Cannabis Product Portfolio
7.5.3 Tilray,Inc. Craft Cannabis Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.5.4 Tilray,Inc. Main Business and Markets Served
7.5.5 Tilray,Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
7.6 Aurora Cannabis Inc.
7.6.1 Aurora Cannabis Inc. Craft Cannabis Corporation Information
7.6.2 Aurora Cannabis Inc. Craft Cannabis Product Portfolio
7.6.3 Aurora Cannabis Inc. Craft Cannabis Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.6.4 Aurora Cannabis Inc. Main Business and Markets Served
7.6.5 Aurora Cannabis Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
8 Industry Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
8.1 Craft Cannabis Industry Chain Analysis
8.2 Craft Cannabis Key Raw Materials
8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
8.3 Craft Cannabis Production Mode & Process
8.4 Craft Cannabis Sales and Marketing
8.4.1 Craft Cannabis Sales Channels
8.4.2 Craft Cannabis Distributors
8.5 Craft Cannabis Customers
9 Craft Cannabis Market Dynamics
9.1 Craft Cannabis Industry Trends
9.2 Craft Cannabis Market Drivers
9.3 Craft Cannabis Market Challenges
9.4 Craft Cannabis Market Restraints
10 Research Finding and Conclusion
11 Methodology and Data Source
11.1 Methodology/Research Approach
11.1.1 Research Programs/Design
11.1.2 Market Size Estimation
11.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
11.2 Data Source
11.2.1 Secondary Sources
11.2.2 Primary Sources
11.3 Author List
11.4 Disclaimer
List of Tables
List of Tables
Table 1. Global Craft Cannabis Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Table 2. Global Craft Cannabis Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Table 3. Global Craft Cannabis Production Capacity (Ton) by Manufacturers in 2023
Table 4. Global Craft Cannabis Production by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (Ton)
Table 5. Global Craft Cannabis Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 6. Global Craft Cannabis Production Value by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Craft Cannabis Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 8. Global Craft Cannabis Industry Ranking 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Craft Cannabis as of 2023)
Table 10. Global Market Craft Cannabis Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Ton) & (2019-2024)
Table 11. Manufacturers Craft Cannabis Production Sites and Area Served
Table 12. Manufacturers Craft Cannabis Product Types
Table 13. Global Craft Cannabis Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 14. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
Table 15. Global Craft Cannabis Production Value by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 16. Global Craft Cannabis Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 17. Global Craft Cannabis Production Value Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 18. Global Craft Cannabis Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 19. Global Craft Cannabis Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 20. Global Craft Cannabis Production Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Ton)
Table 21. Global Craft Cannabis Production (Ton) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 22. Global Craft Cannabis Production Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 23. Global Craft Cannabis Production (Ton) Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 24. Global Craft Cannabis Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 25. Global Craft Cannabis Market Average Price (US$/Ton) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 26. Global Craft Cannabis Market Average Price (US$/Ton) by Region (2025-2030)
Table 27. Global Craft Cannabis Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Ton)
Table 28. Global Craft Cannabis Consumption by Region (2019-2024) & (Ton)
Table 29. Global Craft Cannabis Consumption Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 30. Global Craft Cannabis Forecasted Consumption by Region (2025-2030) & (Ton)
Table 31. Global Craft Cannabis Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 32. North America Craft Cannabis Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Ton)
Table 33. North America Craft Cannabis Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (Ton)
Table 34. North America Craft Cannabis Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (Ton)
Table 35. Europe Craft Cannabis Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Ton)
Table 36. Europe Craft Cannabis Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (Ton)
Table 37. Europe Craft Cannabis Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (Ton)
Table 38. Asia Pacific Craft Cannabis Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Ton)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Craft Cannabis Consumption by Region (2019-2024) & (Ton)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Craft Cannabis Consumption by Region (2025-2030) & (Ton)
Table 41. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Craft Cannabis Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Ton)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Craft Cannabis Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (Ton)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Craft Cannabis Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (Ton)
Table 44. Global Craft Cannabis Production (Ton) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 45. Global Craft Cannabis Production (Ton) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 46. Global Craft Cannabis Production Market Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 47. Global Craft Cannabis Production Market Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 48. Global Craft Cannabis Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 49. Global Craft Cannabis Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 50. Global Craft Cannabis Production Value Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 51. Global Craft Cannabis Production Value Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 52. Global Craft Cannabis Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 53. Global Craft Cannabis Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 54. Global Craft Cannabis Production (Ton) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 55. Global Craft Cannabis Production (Ton) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 56. Global Craft Cannabis Production Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 57. Global Craft Cannabis Production Market Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 58. Global Craft Cannabis Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 59. Global Craft Cannabis Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 60. Global Craft Cannabis Production Value Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 61. Global Craft Cannabis Production Value Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 62. Global Craft Cannabis Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 63. Global Craft Cannabis Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 64. Dreamland Organics Craft Cannabis Corporation Information
Table 65. Dreamland Organics Specification and Application
Table 66. Dreamland Organics Craft Cannabis Production (Ton), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 67. Dreamland Organics Main Business and Markets Served
Table 68. Dreamland Organics Recent Developments/Updates
Table 69. Pasha Brands Ltd Craft Cannabis Corporation Information
Table 70. Pasha Brands Ltd Specification and Application
Table 71. Pasha Brands Ltd Craft Cannabis Production (Ton), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 72. Pasha Brands Ltd Main Business and Markets Served
Table 73. Pasha Brands Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
Table 74. Canopy Growth Corporation Craft Cannabis Corporation Information
Table 75. Canopy Growth Corporation Specification and Application
Table 76. Canopy Growth Corporation Craft Cannabis Production (Ton), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 77. Canopy Growth Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 78. Canopy Growth Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 79. Cronos Group Inc. Craft Cannabis Corporation Information
Table 80. Cronos Group Inc. Specification and Application
Table 81. Cronos Group Inc. Craft Cannabis Production (Ton), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 82. Cronos Group Inc. Main Business and Markets Served
Table 83. Cronos Group Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 84. Tilray,Inc. Craft Cannabis Corporation Information
Table 85. Tilray,Inc. Specification and Application
Table 86. Tilray,Inc. Craft Cannabis Production (Ton), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 87. Tilray,Inc. Main Business and Markets Served
Table 88. Tilray,Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 89. Aurora Cannabis Inc. Craft Cannabis Corporation Information
Table 90. Aurora Cannabis Inc. Specification and Application
Table 91. Aurora Cannabis Inc. Craft Cannabis Production (Ton), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 92. Aurora Cannabis Inc. Main Business and Markets Served
Table 93. Aurora Cannabis Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 94. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 95. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 96. Craft Cannabis Distributors List
Table 97. Craft Cannabis Customers List
Table 98. Craft Cannabis Market Trends
Table 99. Craft Cannabis Market Drivers
Table 100. Craft Cannabis Market Challenges
Table 101. Craft Cannabis Market Restraints
Table 102. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 103. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 104. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Craft Cannabis
Figure 2. Global Craft Cannabis Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Figure 3. Global Craft Cannabis Market Share by Type: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 4. Dry Cannabis Product Picture
Figure 5. Oil Cannabis Product Picture
Figure 6. Other Product Picture
Figure 7. Global Craft Cannabis Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Figure 8. Global Craft Cannabis Market Share by Application: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 9. Recreational
Figure 10. Medical
Figure 11. Global Craft Cannabis Production Value (US$ Million), 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 12. Global Craft Cannabis Production Value (US$ Million) & (2019-2030)
Figure 13. Global Craft Cannabis Production Capacity (Ton) & (2019-2030)
Figure 14. Global Craft Cannabis Production (Ton) & (2019-2030)
Figure 15. Global Craft Cannabis Average Price (US$/Ton) & (2019-2030)
Figure 16. Craft Cannabis Report Years Considered
Figure 17. Craft Cannabis Production Share by Manufacturers in 2023
Figure 18. Craft Cannabis Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2019 VS 2023
Figure 19. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Craft Cannabis Revenue in 2023
Figure 20. Global Craft Cannabis Production Value by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 21. Global Craft Cannabis Production Value Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 22. Global Craft Cannabis Production Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Ton)
Figure 23. Global Craft Cannabis Production Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 24. North America Craft Cannabis Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 25. Europe Craft Cannabis Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 26. China Craft Cannabis Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 27. Japan Craft Cannabis Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 28. Global Craft Cannabis Consumption by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Ton)
Figure 29. Global Craft Cannabis Consumption Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 30. North America Craft Cannabis Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Ton)
Figure 31. North America Craft Cannabis Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 32. Canada Craft Cannabis Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Ton)
Figure 33. U.S. Craft Cannabis Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Ton)
Figure 34. Europe Craft Cannabis Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Ton)
Figure 35. Europe Craft Cannabis Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 36. Germany Craft Cannabis Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Ton)
Figure 37. France Craft Cannabis Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Ton)
Figure 38. U.K. Craft Cannabis Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Ton)
Figure 39. Italy Craft Cannabis Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Ton)
Figure 40. Russia Craft Cannabis Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Ton)
Figure 41. Asia Pacific Craft Cannabis Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Ton)
Figure 42. Asia Pacific Craft Cannabis Consumption Market Share by Regions (2019-2030)
Figure 43. China Craft Cannabis Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Ton)
Figure 44. Japan Craft Cannabis Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Ton)
Figure 45. South Korea Craft Cannabis Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Ton)
Figure 46. China Taiwan Craft Cannabis Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Ton)
Figure 47. Southeast Asia Craft Cannabis Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Ton)
Figure 48. India Craft Cannabis Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Ton)
Figure 49. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Craft Cannabis Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Ton)
Figure 50. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Craft Cannabis Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 51. Mexico Craft Cannabis Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Ton)
Figure 52. Brazil Craft Cannabis Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Ton)
Figure 53. Turkey Craft Cannabis Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Ton)
Figure 54. GCC Countries Craft Cannabis Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Ton)
Figure 55. Global Production Market Share of Craft Cannabis by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 56. Global Production Value Market Share of Craft Cannabis by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 57. Global Craft Cannabis Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 58. Global Production Market Share of Craft Cannabis by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 59. Global Production Value Market Share of Craft Cannabis by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 60. Global Craft Cannabis Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 61. Craft Cannabis Value Chain
Figure 62. Craft Cannabis Production Process
Figure 63. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 64. Distributors Profiles
Figure 65. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 66. Data Triangulation