Index
1 Fluorinated Graphene Market Overview
1.1 Product Definition
1.2 Fluorinated Graphene by Type
1.2.1 Global Fluorinated Graphene Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Type: 2024 VS 2031
1.2.2 >98%
1.2.3 >99%
1.3 Fluorinated Graphene by Application
1.3.1 Global Fluorinated Graphene Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Application: 2024 VS 2031
1.3.2 New Nano-electronic Devices
1.3.3 Lithium/carbon Fluoride Batteries
1.3.4 Others
1.4 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.4.1 Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031)
1.4.2 Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Capacity Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031)
1.4.3 Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031)
1.4.4 Global Fluorinated Graphene Market Average Price Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031)
1.5 Assumptions and Limitations
2 Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
2.2 Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Value Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
2.3 Global Key Players of Fluorinated Graphene, Industry Ranking, 2023 VS 2024
2.4 Global Fluorinated Graphene Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
2.5 Global Fluorinated Graphene Average Price by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
2.6 Global Key Manufacturers of Fluorinated Graphene, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
2.7 Global Key Manufacturers of Fluorinated Graphene, Product Offered and Application
2.8 Global Key Manufacturers of Fluorinated Graphene, Date of Enter into This Industry
2.9 Fluorinated Graphene Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.9.1 Fluorinated Graphene Market Concentration Rate
2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Fluorinated Graphene Players Market Share by Revenue
2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Fluorinated Graphene Production by Region
3.1 Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Value Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
3.2 Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Value by Region (2020-2031)
3.2.1 Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Value by Region (2020-2025)
3.2.2 Global Forecasted Production Value of Fluorinated Graphene by Region (2026-2031)
3.3 Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
3.4 Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Volume by Region (2020-2031)
3.4.1 Global Fluorinated Graphene Production by Region (2020-2025)
3.4.2 Global Forecasted Production of Fluorinated Graphene by Region (2026-2031)
3.5 Global Fluorinated Graphene Market Price Analysis by Region (2020-2025)
3.6 Global Fluorinated Graphene Production and Value, Year-over-Year Growth
3.6.1 North America Fluorinated Graphene Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031)
3.6.2 Europe Fluorinated Graphene Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031)
3.6.3 China Fluorinated Graphene Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031)
3.6.4 Japan Fluorinated Graphene Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031)
4 Fluorinated Graphene Consumption by Region
4.1 Global Fluorinated Graphene Consumption Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
4.2 Global Fluorinated Graphene Consumption by Region (2020-2031)
4.2.1 Global Fluorinated Graphene Consumption by Region (2020-2025)
4.2.2 Global Fluorinated Graphene Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031)
4.3 North America
4.3.1 North America Fluorinated Graphene Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
4.3.2 North America Fluorinated Graphene Consumption by Country (2020-2031)
4.3.3 U.S.
4.3.4 Canada
4.4 Europe
4.4.1 Europe Fluorinated Graphene Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
4.4.2 Europe Fluorinated Graphene Consumption by Country (2020-2031)
4.4.3 Germany
4.4.4 France
4.4.5 U.K.
4.4.6 Italy
4.4.7 Russia
4.5 Asia Pacific
4.5.1 Asia Pacific Fluorinated Graphene Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
4.5.2 Asia Pacific Fluorinated Graphene Consumption by Region (2020-2031)
4.5.3 China
4.5.4 Japan
4.5.5 South Korea
4.5.6 China Taiwan
4.5.7 Southeast Asia
4.5.8 India
4.6 Latin America, Middle East & Africa
4.6.1 Latin America, Middle East & Africa Fluorinated Graphene Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
4.6.2 Latin America, Middle East & Africa Fluorinated Graphene Consumption by Country (2020-2031)
4.6.3 Mexico
4.6.4 Brazil
4.6.5 Turkey
4.6.6 GCC Countries
5 Segment by Type
5.1 Global Fluorinated Graphene Production by Type (2020-2031)
5.1.1 Global Fluorinated Graphene Production by Type (2020-2025)
5.1.2 Global Fluorinated Graphene Production by Type (2026-2031)
5.1.3 Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
5.2 Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Value by Type (2020-2031)
5.2.1 Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Value by Type (2020-2025)
5.2.2 Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Value by Type (2026-2031)
5.2.3 Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
5.3 Global Fluorinated Graphene Price by Type (2020-2031)
6 Segment by Application
6.1 Global Fluorinated Graphene Production by Application (2020-2031)
6.1.1 Global Fluorinated Graphene Production by Application (2020-2025)
6.1.2 Global Fluorinated Graphene Production by Application (2026-2031)
6.1.3 Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
6.2 Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Value by Application (2020-2031)
6.2.1 Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Value by Application (2020-2025)
6.2.2 Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Value by Application (2026-2031)
6.2.3 Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
6.3 Global Fluorinated Graphene Price by Application (2020-2031)
7 Key Companies Profiled
7.1 ACS Material
7.1.1 ACS Material Fluorinated Graphene Company Information
7.1.2 ACS Material Fluorinated Graphene Product Portfolio
7.1.3 ACS Material Fluorinated Graphene Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.1.4 ACS Material Main Business and Markets Served
7.1.5 ACS Material Recent Developments/Updates
7.2 Shandong Zhongshan Photoelectric Materials
7.2.1 Shandong Zhongshan Photoelectric Materials Fluorinated Graphene Company Information
7.2.2 Shandong Zhongshan Photoelectric Materials Fluorinated Graphene Product Portfolio
7.2.3 Shandong Zhongshan Photoelectric Materials Fluorinated Graphene Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.2.4 Shandong Zhongshan Photoelectric Materials Main Business and Markets Served
7.2.5 Shandong Zhongshan Photoelectric Materials Recent Developments/Updates
7.3 Hubei Zhuoxi Fluorochemical
7.3.1 Hubei Zhuoxi Fluorochemical Fluorinated Graphene Company Information
7.3.2 Hubei Zhuoxi Fluorochemical Fluorinated Graphene Product Portfolio
7.3.3 Hubei Zhuoxi Fluorochemical Fluorinated Graphene Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.3.4 Hubei Zhuoxi Fluorochemical Main Business and Markets Served
7.3.5 Hubei Zhuoxi Fluorochemical Recent Developments/Updates
7.4 Nanjing XFNANO Materials
7.4.1 Nanjing XFNANO Materials Fluorinated Graphene Company Information
7.4.2 Nanjing XFNANO Materials Fluorinated Graphene Product Portfolio
7.4.3 Nanjing XFNANO Materials Fluorinated Graphene Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.4.4 Nanjing XFNANO Materials Main Business and Markets Served
7.4.5 Nanjing XFNANO Materials Recent Developments/Updates
8 Industry Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
8.1 Fluorinated Graphene Industry Chain Analysis
8.2 Fluorinated Graphene Raw Material Supply Analysis
8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
8.3 Fluorinated Graphene Production Mode & Process Analysis
8.4 Fluorinated Graphene Sales and Marketing
8.4.1 Fluorinated Graphene Sales Channels
8.4.2 Fluorinated Graphene Distributors
8.5 Fluorinated Graphene Customer Analysis
9 Fluorinated Graphene Market Dynamics
9.1 Fluorinated Graphene Industry Trends
9.2 Fluorinated Graphene Market Drivers
9.3 Fluorinated Graphene Market Challenges
9.4 Fluorinated Graphene Market Restraints
10 Research Findings and Conclusion
11 Methodology and Data Source
11.1 Methodology/Research Approach
11.1.1 Research Programs/Design
11.1.2 Market Size Estimation
11.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
11.2 Data Source
11.2.1 Secondary Sources
11.2.2 Primary Sources
11.3 Author List
11.4 Disclaimer
List of Tables
List of Tables
Table 1. Global Fluorinated Graphene Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 2. Global Fluorinated Graphene Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 3. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Capacity (Kg) by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 4. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (Kg)
Table 5. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 6. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Value by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Key Players of Fluorinated Graphene, Industry Ranking, 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in Fluorinated Graphene as of 2024)
Table 10. Global Market Fluorinated Graphene Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/g) & (2020-2025)
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Fluorinated Graphene, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Fluorinated Graphene, Product Offered and Application
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Fluorinated Graphene, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 14. Global Fluorinated Graphene Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 18. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Value Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 19. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 20. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 21. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Kg)
Table 22. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production (Kg) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 23. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 24. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production (Kg) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 25. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 26. Global Fluorinated Graphene Market Average Price (US$/g) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 27. Global Fluorinated Graphene Market Average Price (US$/g) by Region (2026-2031)
Table 28. Global Fluorinated Graphene Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Kg)
Table 29. Global Fluorinated Graphene Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (Kg)
Table 30. Global Fluorinated Graphene Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 31. Global Fluorinated Graphene Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (Kg)
Table 32. Global Fluorinated Graphene Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 33. North America Fluorinated Graphene Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Kg)
Table 34. North America Fluorinated Graphene Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Kg)
Table 35. North America Fluorinated Graphene Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Kg)
Table 36. Europe Fluorinated Graphene Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Kg)
Table 37. Europe Fluorinated Graphene Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Kg)
Table 38. Europe Fluorinated Graphene Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Kg)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Fluorinated Graphene Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Kg)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Fluorinated Graphene Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (Kg)
Table 41. Asia Pacific Fluorinated Graphene Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (Kg)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Fluorinated Graphene Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Kg)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Fluorinated Graphene Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Kg)
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Fluorinated Graphene Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Kg)
Table 45. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production (Kg) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 46. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production (Kg) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 47. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 48. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 49. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 50. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 51. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 52. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Value Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 53. Global Fluorinated Graphene Price (US$/g) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 54. Global Fluorinated Graphene Price (US$/g) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 55. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production (Kg) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 56. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production (Kg) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 57. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 58. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 59. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 60. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 61. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 62. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Value Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 63. Global Fluorinated Graphene Price (US$/g) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 64. Global Fluorinated Graphene Price (US$/g) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 65. ACS Material Fluorinated Graphene Company Information
Table 66. ACS Material Fluorinated Graphene Specification and Application
Table 67. ACS Material Fluorinated Graphene Production (Kg), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 68. ACS Material Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. ACS Material Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. Shandong Zhongshan Photoelectric Materials Fluorinated Graphene Company Information
Table 71. Shandong Zhongshan Photoelectric Materials Fluorinated Graphene Specification and Application
Table 72. Shandong Zhongshan Photoelectric Materials Fluorinated Graphene Production (Kg), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 73. Shandong Zhongshan Photoelectric Materials Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. Shandong Zhongshan Photoelectric Materials Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. Hubei Zhuoxi Fluorochemical Fluorinated Graphene Company Information
Table 76. Hubei Zhuoxi Fluorochemical Fluorinated Graphene Specification and Application
Table 77. Hubei Zhuoxi Fluorochemical Fluorinated Graphene Production (Kg), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 78. Hubei Zhuoxi Fluorochemical Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. Hubei Zhuoxi Fluorochemical Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. Nanjing XFNANO Materials Fluorinated Graphene Company Information
Table 81. Nanjing XFNANO Materials Fluorinated Graphene Specification and Application
Table 82. Nanjing XFNANO Materials Fluorinated Graphene Production (Kg), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 83. Nanjing XFNANO Materials Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. Nanjing XFNANO Materials Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 86. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 87. Fluorinated Graphene Distributors List
Table 88. Fluorinated Graphene Customers List
Table 89. Fluorinated Graphene Market Trends
Table 90. Fluorinated Graphene Market Drivers
Table 91. Fluorinated Graphene Market Challenges
Table 92. Fluorinated Graphene Market Restraints
Table 93. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 94. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 95. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 96. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Fluorinated Graphene
Figure 2. Global Fluorinated Graphene Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 3. Global Fluorinated Graphene Market Share by Type: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 4. >98% Product Picture
Figure 5. >99% Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Fluorinated Graphene Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 7. Global Fluorinated Graphene Market Share by Application: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 8. New Nano-electronic Devices
Figure 9. Lithium/carbon Fluoride Batteries
Figure 10. Others
Figure 11. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Value (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 12. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Value (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 13. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Capacity (Kg) & (2020-2031)
Figure 14. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production (Kg) & (2020-2031)
Figure 15. Global Fluorinated Graphene Average Price (US$/g) & (2020-2031)
Figure 16. Fluorinated Graphene Report Years Considered
Figure 17. Fluorinated Graphene Production Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 18. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2024)
Figure 19. Fluorinated Graphene Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 20. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Fluorinated Graphene Revenue in 2024
Figure 21. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 22. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Value Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 23. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Kg)
Figure 24. Global Fluorinated Graphene Production Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 25. North America Fluorinated Graphene Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 26. Europe Fluorinated Graphene Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 27. China Fluorinated Graphene Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 28. Japan Fluorinated Graphene Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 29. Global Fluorinated Graphene Consumption by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Kg)
Figure 30. Global Fluorinated Graphene Consumption Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 31. North America Fluorinated Graphene Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kg)
Figure 32. North America Fluorinated Graphene Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 33. U.S. Fluorinated Graphene Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kg)
Figure 34. Canada Fluorinated Graphene Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kg)
Figure 35. Europe Fluorinated Graphene Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kg)
Figure 36. Europe Fluorinated Graphene Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 37. Germany Fluorinated Graphene Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kg)
Figure 38. France Fluorinated Graphene Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kg)
Figure 39. U.K. Fluorinated Graphene Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kg)
Figure 40. Italy Fluorinated Graphene Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kg)
Figure 41. Russia Fluorinated Graphene Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kg)
Figure 42. Asia Pacific Fluorinated Graphene Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kg)
Figure 43. Asia Pacific Fluorinated Graphene Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 44. China Fluorinated Graphene Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kg)
Figure 45. Japan Fluorinated Graphene Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kg)
Figure 46. South Korea Fluorinated Graphene Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kg)
Figure 47. China Taiwan Fluorinated Graphene Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kg)
Figure 48. Southeast Asia Fluorinated Graphene Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kg)
Figure 49. India Fluorinated Graphene Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kg)
Figure 50. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Fluorinated Graphene Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kg)
Figure 51. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Fluorinated Graphene Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 52. Mexico Fluorinated Graphene Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kg)
Figure 53. Brazil Fluorinated Graphene Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kg)
Figure 54. Turkey Fluorinated Graphene Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kg)
Figure 55. GCC Countries Fluorinated Graphene Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kg)
Figure 56. Global Production Market Share of Fluorinated Graphene by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 57. Global Production Value Market Share of Fluorinated Graphene by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 58. Global Fluorinated Graphene Price (US$/g) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 59. Global Production Market Share of Fluorinated Graphene by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 60. Global Production Value Market Share of Fluorinated Graphene by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 61. Global Fluorinated Graphene Price (US$/g) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 62. Fluorinated Graphene Value Chain
Figure 63. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 64. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 65. Data Triangulation