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Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Market Research Report 2025

Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Market Research Report 2025

Publishing Date : Mar, 2025

License Type :
 

Report Code : 1907716

No of Pages : 126

Synopsis
The global Lithium Battery Diaphragm market was valued at US$ million in 2023 and is anticipated to reach US$ million by 2030, witnessing a CAGR of % during the forecast period 2024-2030.
China's policy on lithium-ion batteries mainly focuses on lithium-ion batteries. In 2015, in order to strengthen the management of lithium-ion battery industry and improve the development level of the industry, China formulated the Standard of Lithium-ion Battery Industry. the global sales of new energy vehicles reached 10.8 million units in 2022, with a year-on-year increase of 61.6%. In 2022, China new energy vehicle sales reached 6.8 million units, and the global share increased to 63.6%. In Q4 2022, sales penetration rate of China's new energy vehicle reached 27%, while the global average penetration rate was only 15%. Europe penetration was 19%, and North America penetration rate was only 6%. Lithium batteries will fully benefit from the high growth of downstream demand. According to the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, China's lithium-ion battery production reached 750 GWh in 2022, up more than 130 percent year on year. Among them, the output of lithium energy storage battery exceeded 100 GWh, and the total output value of the industry exceeded 1.2 trillion yuan. The industrial application of lithium battery was also growing rapidly. In 2022, the loading capacity of new energy vehicle power battery was about 295 GWh, and the new energy vehicle power battery was about 295 GWh. According to our research, in 2022, the overall global lithium-ion battery shipments were 957GWh, a year-on-year increase of 70%. Global vehicle power battery (EV LIB) shipments were 684GWh, a year-on-year increase of 84%; Energy storage battery (ESS LIB) shipments were 159.3GWh, a year-on-year increase of 140%.
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Lithium Battery Diaphragm, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Lithium Battery Diaphragm.
Report Scope
The Lithium Battery Diaphragm market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of output/shipments (K MT) and revenue ($ millions), considering 2023 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2019 to 2030. This report segments the global Lithium Battery Diaphragm market comprehensively. Regional market sizes, concerning products by Type, by Application, and by players, are also provided.
For a more in-depth understanding of the market, the report provides profiles of the competitive landscape, key competitors, and their respective market ranks. The report also discusses technological trends and new product developments.
The report will help the Lithium Battery Diaphragm manufacturers, new entrants, and industry chain related companies in this market with information on the revenues, production, and average price for the overall market and the sub-segments across the different segments, by company, by Type, by Application, and by regions.
Market Segmentation
By Company
Asahi Kasei
SK Innovation
Toray
Celgard
UBE
Sumitomo Chem
Entek
Evonik
MPI
W-SCOPE
Senior Tech
Jinhui Hi-Tech
Zhongke Sci & Tech
Cangzhou Mingzhu
Suzhou GreenPower
Yiteng New Energy
Tianfeng Material
DG Membrane Tech
Newmi-Tech
FSDH
Hongtu LIBS Tech
Shanghai Energy
Gellec
Zhenghua Separator
Huiqiang New Energy
Segment by Type
Monolayer Lithium-Ion Battery Separator
Bilayer Lithium-Ion Battery Separator
Trilayer Lithium-Ion Battery Separator
Segment by Application
Consumer Electronics
Power Vehicle
Electric Power Storage
Industrial Use
Production by Region
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Consumption by Region
North America
U.S.
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
China Taiwan
Southeast Asia
India
Latin America, Middle East & Africa
Mexico
Brazil
Turkey
GCC Countries
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, executive summary of different market segments (by region, by Type, by Application, etc), including the market size of each market segment, future development potential, and so on. It offers a high-level view of the current state of the market and its likely evolution in the short to mid-term, and long term.
Chapter 2: Detailed analysis of Lithium Battery Diaphragm manufacturers competitive landscape, price, production and value market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 3: Production/output, value of Lithium Battery Diaphragm by region/country. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region in the next six years.
Chapter 4: Consumption of Lithium Battery Diaphragm in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and production of each country in the world.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 6: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product production/output, value, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 9: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 10: The main points and conclusions of the report.
Index
1 Lithium Battery Diaphragm Market Overview
1.1 Product Definition
1.2 Lithium Battery Diaphragm Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Type 2023 VS 2030
1.2.2 Monolayer Lithium-Ion Battery Separator
1.2.3 Bilayer Lithium-Ion Battery Separator
1.2.4 Trilayer Lithium-Ion Battery Separator
1.3 Lithium Battery Diaphragm Segment by Application
1.3.1 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Application: 2023 VS 2030
1.3.2 Consumer Electronics
1.3.3 Power Vehicle
1.3.4 Electric Power Storage
1.3.5 Industrial Use
1.4 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.4.1 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.2 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production Capacity Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.3 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.4 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Market Average Price Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.5 Assumptions and Limitations
2 Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.2 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production Value Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.3 Global Key Players of Lithium Battery Diaphragm, Industry Ranking, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
2.4 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
2.5 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Average Price by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.6 Global Key Manufacturers of Lithium Battery Diaphragm, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
2.7 Global Key Manufacturers of Lithium Battery Diaphragm, Product Offered and Application
2.8 Global Key Manufacturers of Lithium Battery Diaphragm, Date of Enter into This Industry
2.9 Lithium Battery Diaphragm Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.9.1 Lithium Battery Diaphragm Market Concentration Rate
2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Lithium Battery Diaphragm Players Market Share by Revenue
2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production by Region
3.1 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production Value Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
3.2 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production Value by Region (2019-2030)
3.2.1 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production Value Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
3.2.2 Global Forecasted Production Value of Lithium Battery Diaphragm by Region (2025-2030)
3.3 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
3.4 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production by Region (2019-2030)
3.4.1 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
3.4.2 Global Forecasted Production of Lithium Battery Diaphragm by Region (2025-2030)
3.5 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Market Price Analysis by Region (2019-2024)
3.6 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production and Value, Year-over-Year Growth
3.6.1 North America Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.2 Europe Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.3 China Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.4 Japan Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
4 Lithium Battery Diaphragm Consumption by Region
4.1 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Consumption Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.2 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Consumption by Region (2019-2030)
4.2.1 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Consumption by Region (2019-2024)
4.2.2 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Forecasted Consumption by Region (2025-2030)
4.3 North America
4.3.1 North America Lithium Battery Diaphragm Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.3.2 North America Lithium Battery Diaphragm Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.3.3 U.S.
4.3.4 Canada
4.4 Europe
4.4.1 Europe Lithium Battery Diaphragm Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.4.2 Europe Lithium Battery Diaphragm Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.4.3 Germany
4.4.4 France
4.4.5 U.K.
4.4.6 Italy
4.4.7 Russia
4.5 Asia Pacific
4.5.1 Asia Pacific Lithium Battery Diaphragm Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.5.2 Asia Pacific Lithium Battery Diaphragm Consumption by Region (2019-2030)
4.5.3 China
4.5.4 Japan
4.5.5 South Korea
4.5.6 China Taiwan
4.5.7 Southeast Asia
4.5.8 India
4.6 Latin America, Middle East & Africa
4.6.1 Latin America, Middle East & Africa Lithium Battery Diaphragm Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.6.2 Latin America, Middle East & Africa Lithium Battery Diaphragm Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.6.3 Mexico
4.6.4 Brazil
4.6.5 Turkey
5 Segment by Type
5.1 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production by Type (2019-2030)
5.1.1 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production by Type (2019-2024)
5.1.2 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production by Type (2025-2030)
5.1.3 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.2 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production Value by Type (2019-2030)
5.2.1 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production Value by Type (2019-2024)
5.2.2 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production Value by Type (2025-2030)
5.2.3 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production Value Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.3 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Price by Type (2019-2030)
6 Segment by Application
6.1 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production by Application (2019-2030)
6.1.1 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production by Application (2019-2024)
6.1.2 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production by Application (2025-2030)
6.1.3 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.2 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production Value by Application (2019-2030)
6.2.1 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production Value by Application (2019-2024)
6.2.2 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production Value by Application (2025-2030)
6.2.3 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production Value Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.3 Global Lithium Battery Diaphragm Price by Application (2019-2030)
7 Key Companies Profiled
7.1 Asahi Kasei
7.1.1 Asahi Kasei Lithium Battery Diaphragm Corporation Information
7.1.2 Asahi Kasei Lithium Battery Diaphragm Product Portfolio
7.1.3 Asahi Kasei Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.1.4 Asahi Kasei Main Business and Markets Served
7.1.5 Asahi Kasei Recent Developments/Updates
7.2 SK Innovation
7.2.1 SK Innovation Lithium Battery Diaphragm Corporation Information
7.2.2 SK Innovation Lithium Battery Diaphragm Product Portfolio
7.2.3 SK Innovation Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.2.4 SK Innovation Main Business and Markets Served
7.2.5 SK Innovation Recent Developments/Updates
7.3 Toray
7.3.1 Toray Lithium Battery Diaphragm Corporation Information
7.3.2 Toray Lithium Battery Diaphragm Product Portfolio
7.3.3 Toray Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.3.4 Toray Main Business and Markets Served
7.3.5 Toray Recent Developments/Updates
7.4 Celgard
7.4.1 Celgard Lithium Battery Diaphragm Corporation Information
7.4.2 Celgard Lithium Battery Diaphragm Product Portfolio
7.4.3 Celgard Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.4.4 Celgard Main Business and Markets Served
7.4.5 Celgard Recent Developments/Updates
7.5 UBE
7.5.1 UBE Lithium Battery Diaphragm Corporation Information
7.5.2 UBE Lithium Battery Diaphragm Product Portfolio
7.5.3 UBE Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.5.4 UBE Main Business and Markets Served
7.5.5 UBE Recent Developments/Updates
7.6 Sumitomo Chem
7.6.1 Sumitomo Chem Lithium Battery Diaphragm Corporation Information
7.6.2 Sumitomo Chem Lithium Battery Diaphragm Product Portfolio
7.6.3 Sumitomo Chem Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.6.4 Sumitomo Chem Main Business and Markets Served
7.6.5 Sumitomo Chem Recent Developments/Updates
7.7 Entek
7.7.1 Entek Lithium Battery Diaphragm Corporation Information
7.7.2 Entek Lithium Battery Diaphragm Product Portfolio
7.7.3 Entek Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.7.4 Entek Main Business and Markets Served
7.7.5 Entek Recent Developments/Updates
7.8 Evonik
7.8.1 Evonik Lithium Battery Diaphragm Corporation Information
7.8.2 Evonik Lithium Battery Diaphragm Product Portfolio
7.8.3 Evonik Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.8.4 Evonik Main Business and Markets Served
7.7.5 Evonik Recent Developments/Updates
7.9 MPI
7.9.1 MPI Lithium Battery Diaphragm Corporation Information
7.9.2 MPI Lithium Battery Diaphragm Product Portfolio
7.9.3 MPI Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.9.4 MPI Main Business and Markets Served
7.9.5 MPI Recent Developments/Updates
7.10 W-SCOPE
7.10.1 W-SCOPE Lithium Battery Diaphragm Corporation Information
7.10.2 W-SCOPE Lithium Battery Diaphragm Product Portfolio
7.10.3 W-SCOPE Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.10.4 W-SCOPE Main Business and Markets Served
7.10.5 W-SCOPE Recent Developments/Updates
7.11 Senior Tech
7.11.1 Senior Tech Lithium Battery Diaphragm Corporation Information
7.11.2 Senior Tech Lithium Battery Diaphragm Product Portfolio
7.11.3 Senior Tech Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.11.4 Senior Tech Main Business and Markets Served
7.11.5 Senior Tech Recent Developments/Updates
7.12 Jinhui Hi-Tech
7.12.1 Jinhui Hi-Tech Lithium Battery Diaphragm Corporation Information
7.12.2 Jinhui Hi-Tech Lithium Battery Diaphragm Product Portfolio
7.12.3 Jinhui Hi-Tech Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.12.4 Jinhui Hi-Tech Main Business and Markets Served
7.12.5 Jinhui Hi-Tech Recent Developments/Updates
7.13 Zhongke Sci & Tech
7.13.1 Zhongke Sci & Tech Lithium Battery Diaphragm Corporation Information
7.13.2 Zhongke Sci & Tech Lithium Battery Diaphragm Product Portfolio
7.13.3 Zhongke Sci & Tech Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.13.4 Zhongke Sci & Tech Main Business and Markets Served
7.13.5 Zhongke Sci & Tech Recent Developments/Updates
7.14 Cangzhou Mingzhu
7.14.1 Cangzhou Mingzhu Lithium Battery Diaphragm Corporation Information
7.14.2 Cangzhou Mingzhu Lithium Battery Diaphragm Product Portfolio
7.14.3 Cangzhou Mingzhu Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.14.4 Cangzhou Mingzhu Main Business and Markets Served
7.14.5 Cangzhou Mingzhu Recent Developments/Updates
7.15 Suzhou GreenPower
7.15.1 Suzhou GreenPower Lithium Battery Diaphragm Corporation Information
7.15.2 Suzhou GreenPower Lithium Battery Diaphragm Product Portfolio
7.15.3 Suzhou GreenPower Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.15.4 Suzhou GreenPower Main Business and Markets Served
7.15.5 Suzhou GreenPower Recent Developments/Updates
7.16 Yiteng New Energy
7.16.1 Yiteng New Energy Lithium Battery Diaphragm Corporation Information
7.16.2 Yiteng New Energy Lithium Battery Diaphragm Product Portfolio
7.16.3 Yiteng New Energy Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.16.4 Yiteng New Energy Main Business and Markets Served
7.16.5 Yiteng New Energy Recent Developments/Updates
7.17 Tianfeng Material
7.17.1 Tianfeng Material Lithium Battery Diaphragm Corporation Information
7.17.2 Tianfeng Material Lithium Battery Diaphragm Product Portfolio
7.17.3 Tianfeng Material Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.17.4 Tianfeng Material Main Business and Markets Served
7.17.5 Tianfeng Material Recent Developments/Updates
7.18 DG Membrane Tech
7.18.1 DG Membrane Tech Lithium Battery Diaphragm Corporation Information
7.18.2 DG Membrane Tech Lithium Battery Diaphragm Product Portfolio
7.18.3 DG Membrane Tech Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.18.4 DG Membrane Tech Main Business and Markets Served
7.18.5 DG Membrane Tech Recent Developments/Updates
7.19 Newmi-Tech
7.19.1 Newmi-Tech Lithium Battery Diaphragm Corporation Information
7.19.2 Newmi-Tech Lithium Battery Diaphragm Product Portfolio
7.19.3 Newmi-Tech Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.19.4 Newmi-Tech Main Business and Markets Served
7.19.5 Newmi-Tech Recent Developments/Updates
7.20 FSDH
7.20.1 FSDH Lithium Battery Diaphragm Corporation Information
7.20.2 FSDH Lithium Battery Diaphragm Product Portfolio
7.20.3 FSDH Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.20.4 FSDH Main Business and Markets Served
7.20.5 FSDH Recent Developments/Updates
7.21 Hongtu LIBS Tech
7.21.1 Hongtu LIBS Tech Lithium Battery Diaphragm Corporation Information
7.21.2 Hongtu LIBS Tech Lithium Battery Diaphragm Product Portfolio
7.21.3 Hongtu LIBS Tech Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.21.4 Hongtu LIBS Tech Main Business and Markets Served
7.21.5 Hongtu LIBS Tech Recent Developments/Updates
7.22 Shanghai Energy
7.22.1 Shanghai Energy Lithium Battery Diaphragm Corporation Information
7.22.2 Shanghai Energy Lithium Battery Diaphragm Product Portfolio
7.22.3 Shanghai Energy Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.22.4 Shanghai Energy Main Business and Markets Served
7.22.5 Shanghai Energy Recent Developments/Updates
7.23 Gellec
7.23.1 Gellec Lithium Battery Diaphragm Corporation Information
7.23.2 Gellec Lithium Battery Diaphragm Product Portfolio
7.23.3 Gellec Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.23.4 Gellec Main Business and Markets Served
7.23.5 Gellec Recent Developments/Updates
7.24 Zhenghua Separator
7.24.1 Zhenghua Separator Lithium Battery Diaphragm Corporation Information
7.24.2 Zhenghua Separator Lithium Battery Diaphragm Product Portfolio
7.24.3 Zhenghua Separator Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.24.4 Zhenghua Separator Main Business and Markets Served
7.24.5 Zhenghua Separator Recent Developments/Updates
7.25 Huiqiang New Energy
7.25.1 Huiqiang New Energy Lithium Battery Diaphragm Corporation Information
7.25.2 Huiqiang New Energy Lithium Battery Diaphragm Product Portfolio
7.25.3 Huiqiang New Energy Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.25.4 Huiqiang New Energy Main Business and Markets Served
7.25.5 Huiqiang New Energy Recent Developments/Updates
8 Industry Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
8.1 Lithium Battery Diaphragm Industry Chain Analysis
8.2 Lithium Battery Diaphragm Key Raw Materials
8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
8.3 Lithium Battery Diaphragm Production Mode & Process
8.4 Lithium Battery Diaphragm Sales and Marketing
8.4.1 Lithium Battery Diaphragm Sales Channels
8.4.2 Lithium Battery Diaphragm Distributors
8.5 Lithium Battery Diaphragm Customers
9 Lithium Battery Diaphragm Market Dynamics
9.1 Lithium Battery Diaphragm Industry Trends
9.2 Lithium Battery Diaphragm Market Drivers
9.3 Lithium Battery Diaphragm Market Challenges
9.4 Lithium Battery Diaphragm Market Restraints
10 Research Finding and Conclusion
11 Methodology and Data Source
11.1 Methodology/Research Approach
11.1.1 Research Programs/Design
11.1.2 Market Size Estimation
11.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
11.2 Data Source
11.2.1 Secondary Sources
11.2.2 Primary Sources
11.3 Author List
11.4 Disclaimer

Published By : QY Research

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