Index
1 PBTA Market Overview
1.1 Product Definition
1.2 PBTA Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global PBTA Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Type 2023 VS 2030
1.2.2 Petroleum-based
1.2.3 Biobased
1.3 PBTA Segment by Application
1.3.1 Global PBTA Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Application: 2023 VS 2030
1.3.2 Packaging
1.3.3 Agricultur
1.3.4 Others
1.4 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.4.1 Global PBTA Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.2 Global PBTA Production Capacity Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.3 Global PBTA Production Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.4 Global PBTA Market Average Price Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.5 Assumptions and Limitations
2 Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global PBTA Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.2 Global PBTA Production Value Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.3 Global Key Players of PBTA, Industry Ranking, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
2.4 Global PBTA Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
2.5 Global PBTA Average Price by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.6 Global Key Manufacturers of PBTA, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
2.7 Global Key Manufacturers of PBTA, Product Offered and Application
2.8 Global Key Manufacturers of PBTA, Date of Enter into This Industry
2.9 PBTA Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.9.1 PBTA Market Concentration Rate
2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest PBTA Players Market Share by Revenue
2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 PBTA Production by Region
3.1 Global PBTA Production Value Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
3.2 Global PBTA Production Value by Region (2019-2030)
3.2.1 Global PBTA Production Value Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
3.2.2 Global Forecasted Production Value of PBTA by Region (2025-2030)
3.3 Global PBTA Production Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
3.4 Global PBTA Production by Region (2019-2030)
3.4.1 Global PBTA Production Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
3.4.2 Global Forecasted Production of PBTA by Region (2025-2030)
3.5 Global PBTA Market Price Analysis by Region (2019-2024)
3.6 Global PBTA Production and Value, Year-over-Year Growth
3.6.1 North America PBTA Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.2 Europe PBTA Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.3 China PBTA Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.4 Japan PBTA Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
4 PBTA Consumption by Region
4.1 Global PBTA Consumption Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.2 Global PBTA Consumption by Region (2019-2030)
4.2.1 Global PBTA Consumption by Region (2019-2024)
4.2.2 Global PBTA Forecasted Consumption by Region (2025-2030)
4.3 North America
4.3.1 North America PBTA Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.3.2 North America PBTA Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.3.3 U.S.
4.3.4 Canada
4.4 Europe
4.4.1 Europe PBTA Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.4.2 Europe PBTA Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.4.3 Germany
4.4.4 France
4.4.5 U.K.
4.4.6 Italy
4.4.7 Russia
4.5 Asia Pacific
4.5.1 Asia Pacific PBTA Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.5.2 Asia Pacific PBTA Consumption by Region (2019-2030)
4.5.3 China
4.5.4 Japan
4.5.5 South Korea
4.5.6 China Taiwan
4.5.7 Southeast Asia
4.5.8 India
4.6 Latin America, Middle East & Africa
4.6.1 Latin America, Middle East & Africa PBTA Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.6.2 Latin America, Middle East & Africa PBTA Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.6.3 Mexico
4.6.4 Brazil
4.6.5 Turkey
5 Segment by Type
5.1 Global PBTA Production by Type (2019-2030)
5.1.1 Global PBTA Production by Type (2019-2024)
5.1.2 Global PBTA Production by Type (2025-2030)
5.1.3 Global PBTA Production Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.2 Global PBTA Production Value by Type (2019-2030)
5.2.1 Global PBTA Production Value by Type (2019-2024)
5.2.2 Global PBTA Production Value by Type (2025-2030)
5.2.3 Global PBTA Production Value Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.3 Global PBTA Price by Type (2019-2030)
6 Segment by Application
6.1 Global PBTA Production by Application (2019-2030)
6.1.1 Global PBTA Production by Application (2019-2024)
6.1.2 Global PBTA Production by Application (2025-2030)
6.1.3 Global PBTA Production Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.2 Global PBTA Production Value by Application (2019-2030)
6.2.1 Global PBTA Production Value by Application (2019-2024)
6.2.2 Global PBTA Production Value by Application (2025-2030)
6.2.3 Global PBTA Production Value Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.3 Global PBTA Price by Application (2019-2030)
7 Key Companies Profiled
7.1 Novamont S.p.A.
7.1.1 Novamont S.p.A. PBTA Corporation Information
7.1.2 Novamont S.p.A. PBTA Product Portfolio
7.1.3 Novamont S.p.A. PBTA Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.1.4 Novamont S.p.A. Main Business and Markets Served
7.1.5 Novamont S.p.A. Recent Developments/Updates
7.2 Eastman Chemical Company
7.2.1 Eastman Chemical Company PBTA Corporation Information
7.2.2 Eastman Chemical Company PBTA Product Portfolio
7.2.3 Eastman Chemical Company PBTA Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.2.4 Eastman Chemical Company Main Business and Markets Served
7.2.5 Eastman Chemical Company Recent Developments/Updates
7.3 Jinhui Zhaolong High Technology
7.3.1 Jinhui Zhaolong High Technology PBTA Corporation Information
7.3.2 Jinhui Zhaolong High Technology PBTA Product Portfolio
7.3.3 Jinhui Zhaolong High Technology PBTA Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.3.4 Jinhui Zhaolong High Technology Main Business and Markets Served
7.3.5 Jinhui Zhaolong High Technology Recent Developments/Updates
7.4 BASF
7.4.1 BASF PBTA Corporation Information
7.4.2 BASF PBTA Product Portfolio
7.4.3 BASF PBTA Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.4.4 BASF Main Business and Markets Served
7.4.5 BASF Recent Developments/Updates
7.5 SK Chemicals
7.5.1 SK Chemicals PBTA Corporation Information
7.5.2 SK Chemicals PBTA Product Portfolio
7.5.3 SK Chemicals PBTA Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.5.4 SK Chemicals Main Business and Markets Served
7.5.5 SK Chemicals Recent Developments/Updates
7.6 Far Eastern New Century Corporatio
7.6.1 Far Eastern New Century Corporatio PBTA Corporation Information
7.6.2 Far Eastern New Century Corporatio PBTA Product Portfolio
7.6.3 Far Eastern New Century Corporatio PBTA Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.6.4 Far Eastern New Century Corporatio Main Business and Markets Served
7.6.5 Far Eastern New Century Corporatio Recent Developments/Updates
7.7 Lotte Fine Chemical
7.7.1 Lotte Fine Chemical PBTA Corporation Information
7.7.2 Lotte Fine Chemical PBTA Product Portfolio
7.7.3 Lotte Fine Chemical PBTA Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.7.4 Lotte Fine Chemical Main Business and Markets Served
7.7.5 Lotte Fine Chemical Recent Developments/Updates
7.8 WILLEAP
7.8.1 WILLEAP PBTA Corporation Information
7.8.2 WILLEAP PBTA Product Portfolio
7.8.3 WILLEAP PBTA Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.8.4 WILLEAP Main Business and Markets Served
7.7.5 WILLEAP Recent Developments/Updates
7.9 Jiangsu Torise biomaterials
7.9.1 Jiangsu Torise biomaterials PBTA Corporation Information
7.9.2 Jiangsu Torise biomaterials PBTA Product Portfolio
7.9.3 Jiangsu Torise biomaterials PBTA Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.9.4 Jiangsu Torise biomaterials Main Business and Markets Served
7.9.5 Jiangsu Torise biomaterials Recent Developments/Updates
8 Industry Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
8.1 PBTA Industry Chain Analysis
8.2 PBTA Key Raw Materials
8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
8.3 PBTA Production Mode & Process
8.4 PBTA Sales and Marketing
8.4.1 PBTA Sales Channels
8.4.2 PBTA Distributors
8.5 PBTA Customers
9 PBTA Market Dynamics
9.1 PBTA Industry Trends
9.2 PBTA Market Drivers
9.3 PBTA Market Challenges
9.4 PBTA Market Restraints
10 Research Finding and Conclusion
11 Methodology and Data Source
11.1 Methodology/Research Approach
11.1.1 Research Programs/Design
11.1.2 Market Size Estimation
11.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
11.2 Data Source
11.2.1 Secondary Sources
11.2.2 Primary Sources
11.3 Author List
11.4 Disclaimer
List of Tables
List of Tables
Table 1. Global PBTA Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Table 2. Global PBTA Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Table 3. Global PBTA Production Capacity (K MT) by Manufacturers in 2023
Table 4. Global PBTA Production by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Table 5. Global PBTA Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 6. Global PBTA Production Value by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global PBTA Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 8. Global PBTA Industry Ranking 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in PBTA as of 2023)
Table 10. Global Market PBTA Average Price by Manufacturers (USD/MT) & (2019-2024)
Table 11. Manufacturers PBTA Production Sites and Area Served
Table 12. Manufacturers PBTA Product Types
Table 13. Global PBTA Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 14. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
Table 15. Global PBTA Production Value by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 16. Global PBTA Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 17. Global PBTA Production Value Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 18. Global PBTA Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 19. Global PBTA Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 20. Global PBTA Production Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K MT)
Table 21. Global PBTA Production (K MT) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 22. Global PBTA Production Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 23. Global PBTA Production (K MT) Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 24. Global PBTA Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 25. Global PBTA Market Average Price (USD/MT) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 26. Global PBTA Market Average Price (USD/MT) by Region (2025-2030)
Table 27. Global PBTA Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K MT)
Table 28. Global PBTA Consumption by Region (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Table 29. Global PBTA Consumption Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 30. Global PBTA Forecasted Consumption by Region (2025-2030) & (K MT)
Table 31. Global PBTA Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 32. North America PBTA Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K MT)
Table 33. North America PBTA Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Table 34. North America PBTA Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (K MT)
Table 35. Europe PBTA Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K MT)
Table 36. Europe PBTA Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Table 37. Europe PBTA Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (K MT)
Table 38. Asia Pacific PBTA Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K MT)
Table 39. Asia Pacific PBTA Consumption by Region (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Table 40. Asia Pacific PBTA Consumption by Region (2025-2030) & (K MT)
Table 41. Latin America, Middle East & Africa PBTA Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K MT)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa PBTA Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa PBTA Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (K MT)
Table 44. Global PBTA Production (K MT) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 45. Global PBTA Production (K MT) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 46. Global PBTA Production Market Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 47. Global PBTA Production Market Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 48. Global PBTA Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 49. Global PBTA Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 50. Global PBTA Production Value Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 51. Global PBTA Production Value Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 52. Global PBTA Price (USD/MT) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 53. Global PBTA Price (USD/MT) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 54. Global PBTA Production (K MT) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 55. Global PBTA Production (K MT) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 56. Global PBTA Production Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 57. Global PBTA Production Market Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 58. Global PBTA Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 59. Global PBTA Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 60. Global PBTA Production Value Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 61. Global PBTA Production Value Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 62. Global PBTA Price (USD/MT) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 63. Global PBTA Price (USD/MT) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 64. Novamont S.p.A. PBTA Corporation Information
Table 65. Novamont S.p.A. Specification and Application
Table 66. Novamont S.p.A. PBTA Production (K MT), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 67. Novamont S.p.A. Main Business and Markets Served
Table 68. Novamont S.p.A. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 69. Eastman Chemical Company PBTA Corporation Information
Table 70. Eastman Chemical Company Specification and Application
Table 71. Eastman Chemical Company PBTA Production (K MT), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 72. Eastman Chemical Company Main Business and Markets Served
Table 73. Eastman Chemical Company Recent Developments/Updates
Table 74. Jinhui Zhaolong High Technology PBTA Corporation Information
Table 75. Jinhui Zhaolong High Technology Specification and Application
Table 76. Jinhui Zhaolong High Technology PBTA Production (K MT), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 77. Jinhui Zhaolong High Technology Main Business and Markets Served
Table 78. Jinhui Zhaolong High Technology Recent Developments/Updates
Table 79. BASF PBTA Corporation Information
Table 80. BASF Specification and Application
Table 81. BASF PBTA Production (K MT), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 82. BASF Main Business and Markets Served
Table 83. BASF Recent Developments/Updates
Table 84. SK Chemicals PBTA Corporation Information
Table 85. SK Chemicals Specification and Application
Table 86. SK Chemicals PBTA Production (K MT), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 87. SK Chemicals Main Business and Markets Served
Table 88. SK Chemicals Recent Developments/Updates
Table 89. Far Eastern New Century Corporatio PBTA Corporation Information
Table 90. Far Eastern New Century Corporatio Specification and Application
Table 91. Far Eastern New Century Corporatio PBTA Production (K MT), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 92. Far Eastern New Century Corporatio Main Business and Markets Served
Table 93. Far Eastern New Century Corporatio Recent Developments/Updates
Table 94. Lotte Fine Chemical PBTA Corporation Information
Table 95. Lotte Fine Chemical Specification and Application
Table 96. Lotte Fine Chemical PBTA Production (K MT), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 97. Lotte Fine Chemical Main Business and Markets Served
Table 98. Lotte Fine Chemical Recent Developments/Updates
Table 99. WILLEAP PBTA Corporation Information
Table 100. WILLEAP Specification and Application
Table 101. WILLEAP PBTA Production (K MT), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 102. WILLEAP Main Business and Markets Served
Table 103. WILLEAP Recent Developments/Updates
Table 104. Jiangsu Torise biomaterials PBTA Corporation Information
Table 105. Jiangsu Torise biomaterials Specification and Application
Table 106. Jiangsu Torise biomaterials PBTA Production (K MT), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 107. Jiangsu Torise biomaterials Main Business and Markets Served
Table 108. Jiangsu Torise biomaterials Recent Developments/Updates
Table 109. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 110. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 111. PBTA Distributors List
Table 112. PBTA Customers List
Table 113. PBTA Market Trends
Table 114. PBTA Market Drivers
Table 115. PBTA Market Challenges
Table 116. PBTA Market Restraints
Table 117. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 118. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 119. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of PBTA
Figure 2. Global PBTA Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Figure 3. Global PBTA Market Share by Type: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 4. Petroleum-based Product Picture
Figure 5. Biobased Product Picture
Figure 6. Global PBTA Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Figure 7. Global PBTA Market Share by Application: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 8. Packaging
Figure 9. Agricultur
Figure 10. Others
Figure 11. Global PBTA Production Value (US$ Million), 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 12. Global PBTA Production Value (US$ Million) & (2019-2030)
Figure 13. Global PBTA Production Capacity (K MT) & (2019-2030)
Figure 14. Global PBTA Production (K MT) & (2019-2030)
Figure 15. Global PBTA Average Price (USD/MT) & (2019-2030)
Figure 16. PBTA Report Years Considered
Figure 17. PBTA Production Share by Manufacturers in 2023
Figure 18. PBTA Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2019 VS 2023
Figure 19. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by PBTA Revenue in 2023
Figure 20. Global PBTA Production Value by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 21. Global PBTA Production Value Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 22. Global PBTA Production Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K MT)
Figure 23. Global PBTA Production Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 24. North America PBTA Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 25. Europe PBTA Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 26. China PBTA Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 27. Japan PBTA Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 28. Global PBTA Consumption by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K MT)
Figure 29. Global PBTA Consumption Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 30. North America PBTA Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Figure 31. North America PBTA Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 32. Canada PBTA Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Figure 33. U.S. PBTA Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Figure 34. Europe PBTA Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Figure 35. Europe PBTA Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 36. Germany PBTA Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Figure 37. France PBTA Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Figure 38. U.K. PBTA Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Figure 39. Italy PBTA Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Figure 40. Russia PBTA Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Figure 41. Asia Pacific PBTA Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Figure 42. Asia Pacific PBTA Consumption Market Share by Regions (2019-2030)
Figure 43. China PBTA Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Figure 44. Japan PBTA Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Figure 45. South Korea PBTA Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Figure 46. China Taiwan PBTA Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Figure 47. Southeast Asia PBTA Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Figure 48. India PBTA Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Figure 49. Latin America, Middle East & Africa PBTA Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Figure 50. Latin America, Middle East & Africa PBTA Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 51. Mexico PBTA Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Figure 52. Brazil PBTA Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Figure 53. Turkey PBTA Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Figure 54. GCC Countries PBTA Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Figure 55. Global Production Market Share of PBTA by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 56. Global Production Value Market Share of PBTA by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 57. Global PBTA Price (USD/MT) by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 58. Global Production Market Share of PBTA by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 59. Global Production Value Market Share of PBTA by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 60. Global PBTA Price (USD/MT) by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 61. PBTA Value Chain
Figure 62. PBTA Production Process
Figure 63. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 64. Distributors Profiles
Figure 65. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 66. Data Triangulation