Index
1 Phenoxy Methacrylate Market Overview
1.1 Product Definition
1.2 Phenoxy Methacrylate by Type
1.2.1 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Type: 2024 VS 2031
1.2.2 Purity ≥ 98%
1.2.3 Purity ≥ 99%
1.3 Phenoxy Methacrylate by Application
1.3.1 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Application: 2024 VS 2031
1.3.2 Adhesives
1.3.3 Polymer Concrete
1.3.4 Encapsulants
1.3.5 Others
1.4 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.4.1 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031)
1.4.2 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Capacity Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031)
1.4.3 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031)
1.4.4 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Market Average Price Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031)
1.5 Assumptions and Limitations
2 Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
2.2 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
2.3 Global Key Players of Phenoxy Methacrylate, Industry Ranking, 2023 VS 2024
2.4 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
2.5 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Average Price by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
2.6 Global Key Manufacturers of Phenoxy Methacrylate, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
2.7 Global Key Manufacturers of Phenoxy Methacrylate, Product Offered and Application
2.8 Global Key Manufacturers of Phenoxy Methacrylate, Date of Enter into This Industry
2.9 Phenoxy Methacrylate Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.9.1 Phenoxy Methacrylate Market Concentration Rate
2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Phenoxy Methacrylate Players Market Share by Revenue
2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Phenoxy Methacrylate Production by Region
3.1 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
3.2 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value by Region (2020-2031)
3.2.1 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value by Region (2020-2025)
3.2.2 Global Forecasted Production Value of Phenoxy Methacrylate by Region (2026-2031)
3.3 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
3.4 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Volume by Region (2020-2031)
3.4.1 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production by Region (2020-2025)
3.4.2 Global Forecasted Production of Phenoxy Methacrylate by Region (2026-2031)
3.5 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Market Price Analysis by Region (2020-2025)
3.6 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production and Value, Year-over-Year Growth
3.6.1 North America Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031)
3.6.2 Europe Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031)
3.6.3 China Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031)
3.6.4 Japan Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031)
4 Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption by Region
4.1 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
4.2 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption by Region (2020-2031)
4.2.1 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption by Region (2020-2025)
4.2.2 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031)
4.3 North America
4.3.1 North America Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
4.3.2 North America Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption by Country (2020-2031)
4.3.3 U.S.
4.3.4 Canada
4.4 Europe
4.4.1 Europe Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
4.4.2 Europe Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption by Country (2020-2031)
4.4.3 Germany
4.4.4 France
4.4.5 U.K.
4.4.6 Italy
4.4.7 Russia
4.5 Asia Pacific
4.5.1 Asia Pacific Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
4.5.2 Asia Pacific Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption by Region (2020-2031)
4.5.3 China
4.5.4 Japan
4.5.5 South Korea
4.5.6 China Taiwan
4.5.7 Southeast Asia
4.5.8 India
4.6 Latin America, Middle East & Africa
4.6.1 Latin America, Middle East & Africa Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
4.6.2 Latin America, Middle East & Africa Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption by Country (2020-2031)
4.6.3 Mexico
4.6.4 Brazil
4.6.5 Turkey
4.6.6 GCC Countries
5 Segment by Type
5.1 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production by Type (2020-2031)
5.1.1 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production by Type (2020-2025)
5.1.2 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production by Type (2026-2031)
5.1.3 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
5.2 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value by Type (2020-2031)
5.2.1 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value by Type (2020-2025)
5.2.2 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value by Type (2026-2031)
5.2.3 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
5.3 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Price by Type (2020-2031)
6 Segment by Application
6.1 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production by Application (2020-2031)
6.1.1 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production by Application (2020-2025)
6.1.2 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production by Application (2026-2031)
6.1.3 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
6.2 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value by Application (2020-2031)
6.2.1 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value by Application (2020-2025)
6.2.2 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value by Application (2026-2031)
6.2.3 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
6.3 Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Price by Application (2020-2031)
7 Key Companies Profiled
7.1 Miwon Specialty Chemical
7.1.1 Miwon Specialty Chemical Phenoxy Methacrylate Company Information
7.1.2 Miwon Specialty Chemical Phenoxy Methacrylate Product Portfolio
7.1.3 Miwon Specialty Chemical Phenoxy Methacrylate Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.1.4 Miwon Specialty Chemical Main Business and Markets Served
7.1.5 Miwon Specialty Chemical Recent Developments/Updates
7.2 Shin-Nakamura Chemical
7.2.1 Shin-Nakamura Chemical Phenoxy Methacrylate Company Information
7.2.2 Shin-Nakamura Chemical Phenoxy Methacrylate Product Portfolio
7.2.3 Shin-Nakamura Chemical Phenoxy Methacrylate Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.2.4 Shin-Nakamura Chemical Main Business and Markets Served
7.2.5 Shin-Nakamura Chemical Recent Developments/Updates
7.3 Kinde Chemical
7.3.1 Kinde Chemical Phenoxy Methacrylate Company Information
7.3.2 Kinde Chemical Phenoxy Methacrylate Product Portfolio
7.3.3 Kinde Chemical Phenoxy Methacrylate Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.3.4 Kinde Chemical Main Business and Markets Served
7.3.5 Kinde Chemical Recent Developments/Updates
8 Industry Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
8.1 Phenoxy Methacrylate Industry Chain Analysis
8.2 Phenoxy Methacrylate Raw Material Supply Analysis
8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
8.3 Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Mode & Process Analysis
8.4 Phenoxy Methacrylate Sales and Marketing
8.4.1 Phenoxy Methacrylate Sales Channels
8.4.2 Phenoxy Methacrylate Distributors
8.5 Phenoxy Methacrylate Customer Analysis
9 Phenoxy Methacrylate Market Dynamics
9.1 Phenoxy Methacrylate Industry Trends
9.2 Phenoxy Methacrylate Market Drivers
9.3 Phenoxy Methacrylate Market Challenges
9.4 Phenoxy Methacrylate Market Restraints
10 Research Findings and Conclusion
11 Methodology and Data Source
11.1 Methodology/Research Approach
11.1.1 Research Programs/Design
11.1.2 Market Size Estimation
11.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
11.2 Data Source
11.2.1 Secondary Sources
11.2.2 Primary Sources
11.3 Author List
11.4 Disclaimer
List of Tables
List of Tables
Table 1. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 2. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 3. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Capacity (Tons) by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 4. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 5. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 6. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Key Players of Phenoxy Methacrylate, Industry Ranking, 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in Phenoxy Methacrylate as of 2024)
Table 10. Global Market Phenoxy Methacrylate Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Ton) & (2020-2025)
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Phenoxy Methacrylate, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Phenoxy Methacrylate, Product Offered and Application
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Phenoxy Methacrylate, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 14. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 18. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 19. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 20. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 21. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 22. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production (Tons) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 23. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 24. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production (Tons) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 25. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 26. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Market Average Price (US$/Ton) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 27. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Market Average Price (US$/Ton) by Region (2026-2031)
Table 28. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 29. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 30. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 31. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 32. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 33. North America Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 34. North America Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 35. North America Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 36. Europe Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 37. Europe Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 38. Europe Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 41. Asia Pacific Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 45. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production (Tons) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 46. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production (Tons) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 47. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 48. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 49. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 50. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 51. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 52. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 53. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 54. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 55. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production (Tons) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 56. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production (Tons) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 57. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 58. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 59. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 60. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 61. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 62. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 63. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 64. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 65. Miwon Specialty Chemical Phenoxy Methacrylate Company Information
Table 66. Miwon Specialty Chemical Phenoxy Methacrylate Specification and Application
Table 67. Miwon Specialty Chemical Phenoxy Methacrylate Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 68. Miwon Specialty Chemical Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. Miwon Specialty Chemical Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. Shin-Nakamura Chemical Phenoxy Methacrylate Company Information
Table 71. Shin-Nakamura Chemical Phenoxy Methacrylate Specification and Application
Table 72. Shin-Nakamura Chemical Phenoxy Methacrylate Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 73. Shin-Nakamura Chemical Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. Shin-Nakamura Chemical Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. Kinde Chemical Phenoxy Methacrylate Company Information
Table 76. Kinde Chemical Phenoxy Methacrylate Specification and Application
Table 77. Kinde Chemical Phenoxy Methacrylate Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 78. Kinde Chemical Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. Kinde Chemical Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 81. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 82. Phenoxy Methacrylate Distributors List
Table 83. Phenoxy Methacrylate Customers List
Table 84. Phenoxy Methacrylate Market Trends
Table 85. Phenoxy Methacrylate Market Drivers
Table 86. Phenoxy Methacrylate Market Challenges
Table 87. Phenoxy Methacrylate Market Restraints
Table 88. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 89. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 90. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 91. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Phenoxy Methacrylate
Figure 2. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 3. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Market Share by Type: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 4. Purity ≥ 98% Product Picture
Figure 5. Purity ≥ 99% Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 7. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Market Share by Application: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 8. Adhesives
Figure 9. Polymer Concrete
Figure 10. Encapsulants
Figure 11. Others
Figure 12. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 13. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 14. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Capacity (Tons) & (2020-2031)
Figure 15. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production (Tons) & (2020-2031)
Figure 16. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Average Price (US$/Ton) & (2020-2031)
Figure 17. Phenoxy Methacrylate Report Years Considered
Figure 18. Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 19. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2024)
Figure 20. Phenoxy Methacrylate Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 21. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Phenoxy Methacrylate Revenue in 2024
Figure 22. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 23. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 24. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Figure 25. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 26. North America Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 27. Europe Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 28. China Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 29. Japan Phenoxy Methacrylate Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 30. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Figure 31. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 32. North America Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 33. North America Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 34. U.S. Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 35. Canada Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 36. Europe Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 37. Europe Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 38. Germany Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 39. France Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 40. U.K. Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 41. Italy Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 42. Russia Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 43. Asia Pacific Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 44. Asia Pacific Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 45. China Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 46. Japan Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 47. South Korea Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 48. China Taiwan Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 49. Southeast Asia Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 50. India Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 51. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 52. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 53. Mexico Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 54. Brazil Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 55. Turkey Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 56. GCC Countries Phenoxy Methacrylate Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 57. Global Production Market Share of Phenoxy Methacrylate by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 58. Global Production Value Market Share of Phenoxy Methacrylate by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 59. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 60. Global Production Market Share of Phenoxy Methacrylate by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 61. Global Production Value Market Share of Phenoxy Methacrylate by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 62. Global Phenoxy Methacrylate Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 63. Phenoxy Methacrylate Value Chain
Figure 64. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 65. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 66. Data Triangulation