Index
1 Pin Feed Label Market Overview
1.1 Product Definition
1.2 Pin Feed Label Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Pin Feed Label Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Type 2023 VS 2030
1.2.2 Paper Pin Feed Label
1.2.3 Plastic Pin Feed Label
1.3 Pin Feed Label Segment by Application
1.3.1 Global Pin Feed Label Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Application: 2023 VS 2030
1.3.2 Pharmaceutical Industry
1.3.3 Food and Beverage Industry
1.3.4 Electrical and Electronics Industry
1.3.5 Others
1.4 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.4.1 Global Pin Feed Label Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.2 Global Pin Feed Label Production Capacity Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.3 Global Pin Feed Label Production Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.4 Global Pin Feed Label Market Average Price Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.5 Assumptions and Limitations
2 Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Pin Feed Label Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.2 Global Pin Feed Label Production Value Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.3 Global Key Players of Pin Feed Label, Industry Ranking, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
2.4 Global Pin Feed Label Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
2.5 Global Pin Feed Label Average Price by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.6 Global Key Manufacturers of Pin Feed Label, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
2.7 Global Key Manufacturers of Pin Feed Label, Product Offered and Application
2.8 Global Key Manufacturers of Pin Feed Label, Date of Enter into This Industry
2.9 Pin Feed Label Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.9.1 Pin Feed Label Market Concentration Rate
2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Pin Feed Label Players Market Share by Revenue
2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Pin Feed Label Production by Region
3.1 Global Pin Feed Label Production Value Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
3.2 Global Pin Feed Label Production Value by Region (2019-2030)
3.2.1 Global Pin Feed Label Production Value Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
3.2.2 Global Forecasted Production Value of Pin Feed Label by Region (2025-2030)
3.3 Global Pin Feed Label Production Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
3.4 Global Pin Feed Label Production by Region (2019-2030)
3.4.1 Global Pin Feed Label Production Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
3.4.2 Global Forecasted Production of Pin Feed Label by Region (2025-2030)
3.5 Global Pin Feed Label Market Price Analysis by Region (2019-2024)
3.6 Global Pin Feed Label Production and Value, Year-over-Year Growth
3.6.1 North America Pin Feed Label Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.2 Europe Pin Feed Label Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.3 China Pin Feed Label Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.4 Japan Pin Feed Label Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
4 Pin Feed Label Consumption by Region
4.1 Global Pin Feed Label Consumption Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.2 Global Pin Feed Label Consumption by Region (2019-2030)
4.2.1 Global Pin Feed Label Consumption by Region (2019-2024)
4.2.2 Global Pin Feed Label Forecasted Consumption by Region (2025-2030)
4.3 North America
4.3.1 North America Pin Feed Label Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.3.2 North America Pin Feed Label Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.3.3 U.S.
4.3.4 Canada
4.4 Europe
4.4.1 Europe Pin Feed Label Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.4.2 Europe Pin Feed Label Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.4.3 Germany
4.4.4 France
4.4.5 U.K.
4.4.6 Italy
4.4.7 Russia
4.5 Asia Pacific
4.5.1 Asia Pacific Pin Feed Label Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.5.2 Asia Pacific Pin Feed Label Consumption by Region (2019-2030)
4.5.3 China
4.5.4 Japan
4.5.5 South Korea
4.5.6 China Taiwan
4.5.7 Southeast Asia
4.5.8 India
4.6 Latin America, Middle East & Africa
4.6.1 Latin America, Middle East & Africa Pin Feed Label Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.6.2 Latin America, Middle East & Africa Pin Feed Label Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.6.3 Mexico
4.6.4 Brazil
4.6.5 Turkey
5 Segment by Type
5.1 Global Pin Feed Label Production by Type (2019-2030)
5.1.1 Global Pin Feed Label Production by Type (2019-2024)
5.1.2 Global Pin Feed Label Production by Type (2025-2030)
5.1.3 Global Pin Feed Label Production Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.2 Global Pin Feed Label Production Value by Type (2019-2030)
5.2.1 Global Pin Feed Label Production Value by Type (2019-2024)
5.2.2 Global Pin Feed Label Production Value by Type (2025-2030)
5.2.3 Global Pin Feed Label Production Value Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.3 Global Pin Feed Label Price by Type (2019-2030)
6 Segment by Application
6.1 Global Pin Feed Label Production by Application (2019-2030)
6.1.1 Global Pin Feed Label Production by Application (2019-2024)
6.1.2 Global Pin Feed Label Production by Application (2025-2030)
6.1.3 Global Pin Feed Label Production Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.2 Global Pin Feed Label Production Value by Application (2019-2030)
6.2.1 Global Pin Feed Label Production Value by Application (2019-2024)
6.2.2 Global Pin Feed Label Production Value by Application (2025-2030)
6.2.3 Global Pin Feed Label Production Value Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.3 Global Pin Feed Label Price by Application (2019-2030)
7 Key Companies Profiled
7.1 CCL Industries
7.1.1 CCL Industries Pin Feed Label Corporation Information
7.1.2 CCL Industries Pin Feed Label Product Portfolio
7.1.3 CCL Industries Pin Feed Label Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.1.4 CCL Industries Main Business and Markets Served
7.1.5 CCL Industries Recent Developments/Updates
7.2 Paragon Print Systems
7.2.1 Paragon Print Systems Pin Feed Label Corporation Information
7.2.2 Paragon Print Systems Pin Feed Label Product Portfolio
7.2.3 Paragon Print Systems Pin Feed Label Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.2.4 Paragon Print Systems Main Business and Markets Served
7.2.5 Paragon Print Systems Recent Developments/Updates
7.3 CPC Label Solution Pioneer
7.3.1 CPC Label Solution Pioneer Pin Feed Label Corporation Information
7.3.2 CPC Label Solution Pioneer Pin Feed Label Product Portfolio
7.3.3 CPC Label Solution Pioneer Pin Feed Label Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.3.4 CPC Label Solution Pioneer Main Business and Markets Served
7.3.5 CPC Label Solution Pioneer Recent Developments/Updates
7.4 Linton Labels
7.4.1 Linton Labels Pin Feed Label Corporation Information
7.4.2 Linton Labels Pin Feed Label Product Portfolio
7.4.3 Linton Labels Pin Feed Label Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.4.4 Linton Labels Main Business and Markets Served
7.4.5 Linton Labels Recent Developments/Updates
7.5 SATO America
7.5.1 SATO America Pin Feed Label Corporation Information
7.5.2 SATO America Pin Feed Label Product Portfolio
7.5.3 SATO America Pin Feed Label Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.5.4 SATO America Main Business and Markets Served
7.5.5 SATO America Recent Developments/Updates
7.6 Mercury Labels
7.6.1 Mercury Labels Pin Feed Label Corporation Information
7.6.2 Mercury Labels Pin Feed Label Product Portfolio
7.6.3 Mercury Labels Pin Feed Label Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.6.4 Mercury Labels Main Business and Markets Served
7.6.5 Mercury Labels Recent Developments/Updates
8 Industry Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
8.1 Pin Feed Label Industry Chain Analysis
8.2 Pin Feed Label Key Raw Materials
8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
8.3 Pin Feed Label Production Mode & Process
8.4 Pin Feed Label Sales and Marketing
8.4.1 Pin Feed Label Sales Channels
8.4.2 Pin Feed Label Distributors
8.5 Pin Feed Label Customers
9 Pin Feed Label Market Dynamics
9.1 Pin Feed Label Industry Trends
9.2 Pin Feed Label Market Drivers
9.3 Pin Feed Label Market Challenges
9.4 Pin Feed Label Market Restraints
10 Research Finding and Conclusion
11 Methodology and Data Source
11.1 Methodology/Research Approach
11.1.1 Research Programs/Design
11.1.2 Market Size Estimation
11.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
11.2 Data Source
11.2.1 Secondary Sources
11.2.2 Primary Sources
11.3 Author List
11.4 Disclaimer
List of Tables
List of Tables
Table 1. Global Pin Feed Label Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Table 2. Global Pin Feed Label Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Table 3. Global Pin Feed Label Production Capacity (K Pcs) by Manufacturers in 2023
Table 4. Global Pin Feed Label Production by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (K Pcs)
Table 5. Global Pin Feed Label Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 6. Global Pin Feed Label Production Value by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Pin Feed Label Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 8. Global Pin Feed Label Industry Ranking 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Pin Feed Label as of 2023)
Table 10. Global Market Pin Feed Label Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Pc) & (2019-2024)
Table 11. Manufacturers Pin Feed Label Production Sites and Area Served
Table 12. Manufacturers Pin Feed Label Product Types
Table 13. Global Pin Feed Label Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 14. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
Table 15. Global Pin Feed Label Production Value by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 16. Global Pin Feed Label Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 17. Global Pin Feed Label Production Value Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 18. Global Pin Feed Label Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 19. Global Pin Feed Label Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 20. Global Pin Feed Label Production Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Pcs)
Table 21. Global Pin Feed Label Production (K Pcs) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 22. Global Pin Feed Label Production Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 23. Global Pin Feed Label Production (K Pcs) Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 24. Global Pin Feed Label Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 25. Global Pin Feed Label Market Average Price (US$/Pc) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 26. Global Pin Feed Label Market Average Price (US$/Pc) by Region (2025-2030)
Table 27. Global Pin Feed Label Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Pcs)
Table 28. Global Pin Feed Label Consumption by Region (2019-2024) & (K Pcs)
Table 29. Global Pin Feed Label Consumption Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 30. Global Pin Feed Label Forecasted Consumption by Region (2025-2030) & (K Pcs)
Table 31. Global Pin Feed Label Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 32. North America Pin Feed Label Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Pcs)
Table 33. North America Pin Feed Label Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (K Pcs)
Table 34. North America Pin Feed Label Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (K Pcs)
Table 35. Europe Pin Feed Label Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Pcs)
Table 36. Europe Pin Feed Label Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (K Pcs)
Table 37. Europe Pin Feed Label Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (K Pcs)
Table 38. Asia Pacific Pin Feed Label Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Pcs)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Pin Feed Label Consumption by Region (2019-2024) & (K Pcs)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Pin Feed Label Consumption by Region (2025-2030) & (K Pcs)
Table 41. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Pin Feed Label Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Pcs)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Pin Feed Label Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (K Pcs)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Pin Feed Label Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (K Pcs)
Table 44. Global Pin Feed Label Production (K Pcs) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 45. Global Pin Feed Label Production (K Pcs) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 46. Global Pin Feed Label Production Market Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 47. Global Pin Feed Label Production Market Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 48. Global Pin Feed Label Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 49. Global Pin Feed Label Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 50. Global Pin Feed Label Production Value Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 51. Global Pin Feed Label Production Value Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 52. Global Pin Feed Label Price (US$/Pc) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 53. Global Pin Feed Label Price (US$/Pc) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 54. Global Pin Feed Label Production (K Pcs) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 55. Global Pin Feed Label Production (K Pcs) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 56. Global Pin Feed Label Production Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 57. Global Pin Feed Label Production Market Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 58. Global Pin Feed Label Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 59. Global Pin Feed Label Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 60. Global Pin Feed Label Production Value Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 61. Global Pin Feed Label Production Value Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 62. Global Pin Feed Label Price (US$/Pc) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 63. Global Pin Feed Label Price (US$/Pc) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 64. CCL Industries Pin Feed Label Corporation Information
Table 65. CCL Industries Specification and Application
Table 66. CCL Industries Pin Feed Label Production (K Pcs), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Pc) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 67. CCL Industries Main Business and Markets Served
Table 68. CCL Industries Recent Developments/Updates
Table 69. Paragon Print Systems Pin Feed Label Corporation Information
Table 70. Paragon Print Systems Specification and Application
Table 71. Paragon Print Systems Pin Feed Label Production (K Pcs), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Pc) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 72. Paragon Print Systems Main Business and Markets Served
Table 73. Paragon Print Systems Recent Developments/Updates
Table 74. CPC Label Solution Pioneer Pin Feed Label Corporation Information
Table 75. CPC Label Solution Pioneer Specification and Application
Table 76. CPC Label Solution Pioneer Pin Feed Label Production (K Pcs), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Pc) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 77. CPC Label Solution Pioneer Main Business and Markets Served
Table 78. CPC Label Solution Pioneer Recent Developments/Updates
Table 79. Linton Labels Pin Feed Label Corporation Information
Table 80. Linton Labels Specification and Application
Table 81. Linton Labels Pin Feed Label Production (K Pcs), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Pc) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 82. Linton Labels Main Business and Markets Served
Table 83. Linton Labels Recent Developments/Updates
Table 84. SATO America Pin Feed Label Corporation Information
Table 85. SATO America Specification and Application
Table 86. SATO America Pin Feed Label Production (K Pcs), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Pc) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 87. SATO America Main Business and Markets Served
Table 88. SATO America Recent Developments/Updates
Table 89. Mercury Labels Pin Feed Label Corporation Information
Table 90. Mercury Labels Specification and Application
Table 91. Mercury Labels Pin Feed Label Production (K Pcs), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Pc) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 92. Mercury Labels Main Business and Markets Served
Table 93. Mercury Labels Recent Developments/Updates
Table 94. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 95. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 96. Pin Feed Label Distributors List
Table 97. Pin Feed Label Customers List
Table 98. Pin Feed Label Market Trends
Table 99. Pin Feed Label Market Drivers
Table 100. Pin Feed Label Market Challenges
Table 101. Pin Feed Label Market Restraints
Table 102. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 103. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 104. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Pin Feed Label
Figure 2. Global Pin Feed Label Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Figure 3. Global Pin Feed Label Market Share by Type: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 4. Paper Pin Feed Label Product Picture
Figure 5. Plastic Pin Feed Label Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Pin Feed Label Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Figure 7. Global Pin Feed Label Market Share by Application: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 8. Pharmaceutical Industry
Figure 9. Food and Beverage Industry
Figure 10. Electrical and Electronics Industry
Figure 11. Others
Figure 12. Global Pin Feed Label Production Value (US$ Million), 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 13. Global Pin Feed Label Production Value (US$ Million) & (2019-2030)
Figure 14. Global Pin Feed Label Production Capacity (K Pcs) & (2019-2030)
Figure 15. Global Pin Feed Label Production (K Pcs) & (2019-2030)
Figure 16. Global Pin Feed Label Average Price (US$/Pc) & (2019-2030)
Figure 17. Pin Feed Label Report Years Considered
Figure 18. Pin Feed Label Production Share by Manufacturers in 2023
Figure 19. Pin Feed Label Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2019 VS 2023
Figure 20. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Pin Feed Label Revenue in 2023
Figure 21. Global Pin Feed Label Production Value by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 22. Global Pin Feed Label Production Value Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 23. Global Pin Feed Label Production Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Pcs)
Figure 24. Global Pin Feed Label Production Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 25. North America Pin Feed Label Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 26. Europe Pin Feed Label Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 27. China Pin Feed Label Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 28. Japan Pin Feed Label Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 29. Global Pin Feed Label Consumption by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Pcs)
Figure 30. Global Pin Feed Label Consumption Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 31. North America Pin Feed Label Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Pcs)
Figure 32. North America Pin Feed Label Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 33. Canada Pin Feed Label Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Pcs)
Figure 34. U.S. Pin Feed Label Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Pcs)
Figure 35. Europe Pin Feed Label Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Pcs)
Figure 36. Europe Pin Feed Label Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 37. Germany Pin Feed Label Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Pcs)
Figure 38. France Pin Feed Label Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Pcs)
Figure 39. U.K. Pin Feed Label Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Pcs)
Figure 40. Italy Pin Feed Label Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Pcs)
Figure 41. Russia Pin Feed Label Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Pcs)
Figure 42. Asia Pacific Pin Feed Label Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Pcs)
Figure 43. Asia Pacific Pin Feed Label Consumption Market Share by Regions (2019-2030)
Figure 44. China Pin Feed Label Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Pcs)
Figure 45. Japan Pin Feed Label Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Pcs)
Figure 46. South Korea Pin Feed Label Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Pcs)
Figure 47. China Taiwan Pin Feed Label Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Pcs)
Figure 48. Southeast Asia Pin Feed Label Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Pcs)
Figure 49. India Pin Feed Label Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Pcs)
Figure 50. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Pin Feed Label Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Pcs)
Figure 51. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Pin Feed Label Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 52. Mexico Pin Feed Label Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Pcs)
Figure 53. Brazil Pin Feed Label Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Pcs)
Figure 54. Turkey Pin Feed Label Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Pcs)
Figure 55. GCC Countries Pin Feed Label Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Pcs)
Figure 56. Global Production Market Share of Pin Feed Label by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 57. Global Production Value Market Share of Pin Feed Label by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 58. Global Pin Feed Label Price (US$/Pc) by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 59. Global Production Market Share of Pin Feed Label by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 60. Global Production Value Market Share of Pin Feed Label by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 61. Global Pin Feed Label Price (US$/Pc) by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 62. Pin Feed Label Value Chain
Figure 63. Pin Feed Label Production Process
Figure 64. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 65. Distributors Profiles
Figure 66. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 67. Data Triangulation