The Market Reports

Call: +1-631-407-1315 / +91-750-729-1479
Email: sales@themarketreports.com

Global Steel Bridge Market Research Report 2025

Global Steel Bridge Market Research Report 2025

Publishing Date : Mar, 2025

License Type :
 

Report Code : 1721548

No of Pages : 166

Synopsis
The global Steel Bridge market was valued at US$ million in 2023 and is anticipated to reach US$ million by 2030, witnessing a CAGR of % during the forecast period 2024-2030.
North American market for Steel Bridge is estimated to increase from $ million in 2023 to reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2024 through 2030.
Asia-Pacific market for Steel Bridge is estimated to increase from $ million in 2023 to reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2024 through 2030.
The global market for Steel Bridge in Military is estimated to increase from $ million in 2023 to $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2024 through 2030.
The major global companies of Steel Bridge include VINCI, Bechtel Corporation, Hochtief AG, Balfour Beatty, Skansa AB, Bouygues Construction, Ferrovial, Fluor Corporation and AECOM, etc. In 2023, the world's top three vendors accounted for approximately % of the revenue.
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Steel Bridge, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Steel Bridge.
Report Scope
The Steel Bridge market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of revenue ($ millions), considering 2023 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2019 to 2030. This report segments the global Steel Bridge market comprehensively. Regional market sizes, concerning products by Type, by Application, and by players, are also provided.
For a more in-depth understanding of the market, the report provides profiles of the competitive landscape, key competitors, and their respective market ranks. The report also discusses technological trends and new product developments.
The report will help the Steel Bridge companies, new entrants, and industry chain related companies in this market with information on the revenues, sales volume, and average price for the overall market and the sub-segments across the different segments, by company, by Type, by Application, and by regions.
Market Segmentation
By Company
VINCI
Bechtel Corporation
Hochtief AG
Balfour Beatty
Skansa AB
Bouygues Construction
Ferrovial
Fluor Corporation
AECOM
Tata
Segment by Type
Suspension Bridge
Cable Stayed Bridge
Arch Bridge
Rigid Frame Bridge
Board Box Bridge
Truss Girder Bridge
Other
Segment by Application
Military
Civil
By Region
North America
United States
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
UK
Italy
Russia
Nordic Countries
Rest of Europe
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Australia
Rest of Asia
Latin America
Mexico
Brazil
Rest of Latin America
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Rest of MEA
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, executive summary of different market segments (by Type, by Application, etc), including the market size of each market segment, future development potential, and so on. It offers a high-level view of the current state of the market and its likely evolution in the short to mid-term, and long term.
Chapter 2: Introduces executive summary of global market size, regional market size, this section also introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by companies in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Steel Bridge companies’ competitive landscape, revenue market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 6, 7, 8, 9, 10: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa segment by country. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and capacity of each country in the world.
Chapter 11: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 12: The main points and conclusions of the report.
Index
1 Report Overview
1.1 Study Scope
1.2 Market Analysis by Type
1.2.1 Global Steel Bridge Market Size Growth Rate by Type: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
1.2.2 Suspension Bridge
1.2.3 Cable Stayed Bridge
1.2.4 Arch Bridge
1.2.5 Rigid Frame Bridge
1.2.6 Board Box Bridge
1.2.7 Truss Girder Bridge
1.2.8 Other
1.3 Market by Application
1.3.1 Global Steel Bridge Market Growth by Application: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
1.3.2 Military
1.3.3 Civil
1.4 Study Objectives
1.5 Years Considered
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Global Steel Bridge Market Perspective (2019-2030)
2.2 Steel Bridge Growth Trends by Region
2.2.1 Global Steel Bridge Market Size by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
2.2.2 Steel Bridge Historic Market Size by Region (2019-2024)
2.2.3 Steel Bridge Forecasted Market Size by Region (2025-2030)
2.3 Steel Bridge Market Dynamics
2.3.1 Steel Bridge Industry Trends
2.3.2 Steel Bridge Market Drivers
2.3.3 Steel Bridge Market Challenges
2.3.4 Steel Bridge Market Restraints
3 Competition Landscape by Key Players
3.1 Global Top Steel Bridge Players by Revenue
3.1.1 Global Top Steel Bridge Players by Revenue (2019-2024)
3.1.2 Global Steel Bridge Revenue Market Share by Players (2019-2024)
3.2 Global Steel Bridge Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
3.3 Players Covered: Ranking by Steel Bridge Revenue
3.4 Global Steel Bridge Market Concentration Ratio
3.4.1 Global Steel Bridge Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.4.2 Global Top 10 and Top 5 Companies by Steel Bridge Revenue in 2023
3.5 Steel Bridge Key Players Head office and Area Served
3.6 Key Players Steel Bridge Product Solution and Service
3.7 Date of Enter into Steel Bridge Market
3.8 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Steel Bridge Breakdown Data by Type
4.1 Global Steel Bridge Historic Market Size by Type (2019-2024)
4.2 Global Steel Bridge Forecasted Market Size by Type (2025-2030)
5 Steel Bridge Breakdown Data by Application
5.1 Global Steel Bridge Historic Market Size by Application (2019-2024)
5.2 Global Steel Bridge Forecasted Market Size by Application (2025-2030)
6 North America
6.1 North America Steel Bridge Market Size (2019-2030)
6.2 North America Steel Bridge Market Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
6.3 North America Steel Bridge Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
6.4 North America Steel Bridge Market Size by Country (2025-2030)
6.5 United States
6.6 Canada
7 Europe
7.1 Europe Steel Bridge Market Size (2019-2030)
7.2 Europe Steel Bridge Market Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
7.3 Europe Steel Bridge Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
7.4 Europe Steel Bridge Market Size by Country (2025-2030)
7.5 Germany
7.6 France
7.7 U.K.
7.8 Italy
7.9 Russia
7.10 Nordic Countries
8 Asia-Pacific
8.1 Asia-Pacific Steel Bridge Market Size (2019-2030)
8.2 Asia-Pacific Steel Bridge Market Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
8.3 Asia-Pacific Steel Bridge Market Size by Region (2019-2024)
8.4 Asia-Pacific Steel Bridge Market Size by Region (2025-2030)
8.5 China
8.6 Japan
8.7 South Korea
8.8 Southeast Asia
8.9 India
8.10 Australia
9 Latin America
9.1 Latin America Steel Bridge Market Size (2019-2030)
9.2 Latin America Steel Bridge Market Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
9.3 Latin America Steel Bridge Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
9.4 Latin America Steel Bridge Market Size by Country (2025-2030)
9.5 Mexico
9.6 Brazil
10 Middle East & Africa
10.1 Middle East & Africa Steel Bridge Market Size (2019-2030)
10.2 Middle East & Africa Steel Bridge Market Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
10.3 Middle East & Africa Steel Bridge Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
10.4 Middle East & Africa Steel Bridge Market Size by Country (2025-2030)
10.5 Turkey
10.6 Saudi Arabia
10.7 UAE
11 Key Players Profiles
11.1 VINCI
11.1.1 VINCI Company Detail
11.1.2 VINCI Business Overview
11.1.3 VINCI Steel Bridge Introduction
11.1.4 VINCI Revenue in Steel Bridge Business (2019-2024)
11.1.5 VINCI Recent Development
11.2 Bechtel Corporation
11.2.1 Bechtel Corporation Company Detail
11.2.2 Bechtel Corporation Business Overview
11.2.3 Bechtel Corporation Steel Bridge Introduction
11.2.4 Bechtel Corporation Revenue in Steel Bridge Business (2019-2024)
11.2.5 Bechtel Corporation Recent Development
11.3 Hochtief AG
11.3.1 Hochtief AG Company Detail
11.3.2 Hochtief AG Business Overview
11.3.3 Hochtief AG Steel Bridge Introduction
11.3.4 Hochtief AG Revenue in Steel Bridge Business (2019-2024)
11.3.5 Hochtief AG Recent Development
11.4 Balfour Beatty
11.4.1 Balfour Beatty Company Detail
11.4.2 Balfour Beatty Business Overview
11.4.3 Balfour Beatty Steel Bridge Introduction
11.4.4 Balfour Beatty Revenue in Steel Bridge Business (2019-2024)
11.4.5 Balfour Beatty Recent Development
11.5 Skansa AB
11.5.1 Skansa AB Company Detail
11.5.2 Skansa AB Business Overview
11.5.3 Skansa AB Steel Bridge Introduction
11.5.4 Skansa AB Revenue in Steel Bridge Business (2019-2024)
11.5.5 Skansa AB Recent Development
11.6 Bouygues Construction
11.6.1 Bouygues Construction Company Detail
11.6.2 Bouygues Construction Business Overview
11.6.3 Bouygues Construction Steel Bridge Introduction
11.6.4 Bouygues Construction Revenue in Steel Bridge Business (2019-2024)
11.6.5 Bouygues Construction Recent Development
11.7 Ferrovial
11.7.1 Ferrovial Company Detail
11.7.2 Ferrovial Business Overview
11.7.3 Ferrovial Steel Bridge Introduction
11.7.4 Ferrovial Revenue in Steel Bridge Business (2019-2024)
11.7.5 Ferrovial Recent Development
11.8 Fluor Corporation
11.8.1 Fluor Corporation Company Detail
11.8.2 Fluor Corporation Business Overview
11.8.3 Fluor Corporation Steel Bridge Introduction
11.8.4 Fluor Corporation Revenue in Steel Bridge Business (2019-2024)
11.8.5 Fluor Corporation Recent Development
11.9 AECOM
11.9.1 AECOM Company Detail
11.9.2 AECOM Business Overview
11.9.3 AECOM Steel Bridge Introduction
11.9.4 AECOM Revenue in Steel Bridge Business (2019-2024)
11.9.5 AECOM Recent Development
11.10 Tata
11.10.1 Tata Company Detail
11.10.2 Tata Business Overview
11.10.3 Tata Steel Bridge Introduction
11.10.4 Tata Revenue in Steel Bridge Business (2019-2024)
11.10.5 Tata Recent Development
12 Analyst's Viewpoints/Conclusions
13 Appendix
13.1 Research Methodology
13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.2 Data Source
13.2 Disclaimer
13.3 Author Details
List of Tables
List of Tables
Table 1. Global Steel Bridge Market Size Growth Rate by Type (US$ Million): 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Table 2. Key Players of Suspension Bridge
Table 3. Key Players of Cable Stayed Bridge
Table 4. Key Players of Arch Bridge
Table 5. Key Players of Rigid Frame Bridge
Table 6. Key Players of Board Box Bridge
Table 7. Key Players of Truss Girder Bridge
Table 8. Key Players of Other
Table 9. Global Steel Bridge Market Size Growth by Application (US$ Million): 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Table 10. Global Steel Bridge Market Size by Region (US$ Million): 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Table 11. Global Steel Bridge Market Size by Region (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 12. Global Steel Bridge Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 13. Global Steel Bridge Forecasted Market Size by Region (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 14. Global Steel Bridge Market Share by Region (2025-2030)
Table 15. Steel Bridge Market Trends
Table 16. Steel Bridge Market Drivers
Table 17. Steel Bridge Market Challenges
Table 18. Steel Bridge Market Restraints
Table 19. Global Steel Bridge Revenue by Players (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 20. Global Steel Bridge Market Share by Players (2019-2024)
Table 21. Global Top Steel Bridge Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Steel Bridge as of 2023)
Table 22. Ranking of Global Top Steel Bridge Companies by Revenue (US$ Million) in 2023
Table 23. Global 5 Largest Players Market Share by Steel Bridge Revenue (CR5 and HHI) & (2019-2024)
Table 24. Key Players Headquarters and Area Served
Table 25. Key Players Steel Bridge Product Solution and Service
Table 26. Date of Enter into Steel Bridge Market
Table 27. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 28. Global Steel Bridge Market Size by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. Global Steel Bridge Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 30. Global Steel Bridge Forecasted Market Size by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 31. Global Steel Bridge Revenue Market Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 32. Global Steel Bridge Market Size by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 33. Global Steel Bridge Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 34. Global Steel Bridge Forecasted Market Size by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. Global Steel Bridge Revenue Market Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 36. North America Steel Bridge Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Table 37. North America Steel Bridge Market Size by Country (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 38. North America Steel Bridge Market Size by Country (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 39. Europe Steel Bridge Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Table 40. Europe Steel Bridge Market Size by Country (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 41. Europe Steel Bridge Market Size by Country (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 42. Asia-Pacific Steel Bridge Market Size Growth Rate by Region (US$ Million): 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Table 43. Asia-Pacific Steel Bridge Market Size by Region (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 44. Asia-Pacific Steel Bridge Market Size by Region (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 45. Latin America Steel Bridge Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Table 46. Latin America Steel Bridge Market Size by Country (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 47. Latin America Steel Bridge Market Size by Country (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 48. Middle East & Africa Steel Bridge Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Table 49. Middle East & Africa Steel Bridge Market Size by Country (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 50. Middle East & Africa Steel Bridge Market Size by Country (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 51. VINCI Company Detail
Table 52. VINCI Business Overview
Table 53. VINCI Steel Bridge Product
Table 54. VINCI Revenue in Steel Bridge Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 55. VINCI Recent Development
Table 56. Bechtel Corporation Company Detail
Table 57. Bechtel Corporation Business Overview
Table 58. Bechtel Corporation Steel Bridge Product
Table 59. Bechtel Corporation Revenue in Steel Bridge Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 60. Bechtel Corporation Recent Development
Table 61. Hochtief AG Company Detail
Table 62. Hochtief AG Business Overview
Table 63. Hochtief AG Steel Bridge Product
Table 64. Hochtief AG Revenue in Steel Bridge Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 65. Hochtief AG Recent Development
Table 66. Balfour Beatty Company Detail
Table 67. Balfour Beatty Business Overview
Table 68. Balfour Beatty Steel Bridge Product
Table 69. Balfour Beatty Revenue in Steel Bridge Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 70. Balfour Beatty Recent Development
Table 71. Skansa AB Company Detail
Table 72. Skansa AB Business Overview
Table 73. Skansa AB Steel Bridge Product
Table 74. Skansa AB Revenue in Steel Bridge Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 75. Skansa AB Recent Development
Table 76. Bouygues Construction Company Detail
Table 77. Bouygues Construction Business Overview
Table 78. Bouygues Construction Steel Bridge Product
Table 79. Bouygues Construction Revenue in Steel Bridge Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 80. Bouygues Construction Recent Development
Table 81. Ferrovial Company Detail
Table 82. Ferrovial Business Overview
Table 83. Ferrovial Steel Bridge Product
Table 84. Ferrovial Revenue in Steel Bridge Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 85. Ferrovial Recent Development
Table 86. Fluor Corporation Company Detail
Table 87. Fluor Corporation Business Overview
Table 88. Fluor Corporation Steel Bridge Product
Table 89. Fluor Corporation Revenue in Steel Bridge Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 90. Fluor Corporation Recent Development
Table 91. AECOM Company Detail
Table 92. AECOM Business Overview
Table 93. AECOM Steel Bridge Product
Table 94. AECOM Revenue in Steel Bridge Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 95. AECOM Recent Development
Table 96. Tata Company Detail
Table 97. Tata Business Overview
Table 98. Tata Steel Bridge Product
Table 99. Tata Revenue in Steel Bridge Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 100. Tata Recent Development
Table 101. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 102. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 103. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Global Steel Bridge Market Size Comparison by Type (2024-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 2. Global Steel Bridge Market Share by Type: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 3. Suspension Bridge Features
Figure 4. Cable Stayed Bridge Features
Figure 5. Arch Bridge Features
Figure 6. Rigid Frame Bridge Features
Figure 7. Board Box Bridge Features
Figure 8. Truss Girder Bridge Features
Figure 9. Other Features
Figure 10. Global Steel Bridge Market Size Comparison by Application (2024-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 11. Global Steel Bridge Market Share by Application: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 12. Military Case Studies
Figure 13. Civil Case Studies
Figure 14. Steel Bridge Report Years Considered
Figure 15. Global Steel Bridge Market Size (US$ Million), Year-over-Year: 2019-2030
Figure 16. Global Steel Bridge Market Size, (US$ Million), 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 17. Global Steel Bridge Market Share by Region: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 18. Global Steel Bridge Market Share by Players in 2023
Figure 19. Global Top Steel Bridge Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Steel Bridge as of 2023)
Figure 20. The Top 10 and 5 Players Market Share by Steel Bridge Revenue in 2023
Figure 21. North America Steel Bridge Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 22. North America Steel Bridge Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 23. United States Steel Bridge Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 24. Canada Steel Bridge Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 25. Europe Steel Bridge Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 26. Europe Steel Bridge Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 27. Germany Steel Bridge Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 28. France Steel Bridge Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 29. U.K. Steel Bridge Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 30. Italy Steel Bridge Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 31. Russia Steel Bridge Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 32. Nordic Countries Steel Bridge Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 33. Asia-Pacific Steel Bridge Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 34. Asia-Pacific Steel Bridge Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure 35. China Steel Bridge Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 36. Japan Steel Bridge Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 37. South Korea Steel Bridge Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 38. Southeast Asia Steel Bridge Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 39. India Steel Bridge Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 40. Australia Steel Bridge Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 41. Latin America Steel Bridge Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 42. Latin America Steel Bridge Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 43. Mexico Steel Bridge Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 44. Brazil Steel Bridge Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 45. Middle East & Africa Steel Bridge Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 46. Middle East & Africa Steel Bridge Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 47. Turkey Steel Bridge Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 48. Saudi Arabia Steel Bridge Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 49. VINCI Revenue Growth Rate in Steel Bridge Business (2019-2024)
Figure 50. Bechtel Corporation Revenue Growth Rate in Steel Bridge Business (2019-2024)
Figure 51. Hochtief AG Revenue Growth Rate in Steel Bridge Business (2019-2024)
Figure 52. Balfour Beatty Revenue Growth Rate in Steel Bridge Business (2019-2024)
Figure 53. Skansa AB Revenue Growth Rate in Steel Bridge Business (2019-2024)
Figure 54. Bouygues Construction Revenue Growth Rate in Steel Bridge Business (2019-2024)
Figure 55. Ferrovial Revenue Growth Rate in Steel Bridge Business (2019-2024)
Figure 56. Fluor Corporation Revenue Growth Rate in Steel Bridge Business (2019-2024)
Figure 57. AECOM Revenue Growth Rate in Steel Bridge Business (2019-2024)
Figure 58. Tata Revenue Growth Rate in Steel Bridge Business (2019-2024)
Figure 59. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 60. Data Triangulation
Figure 61. Key Executives Interviewed

Published By : QY Research

Why ‘The Market Reports’