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Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Market Research Report 2025
Synopsis
Prestressed concrete cylinder pipe (PCCP) consists of a concrete core, a thin steel cylinder, high tensile prestressing wires, and a mortar coating. Concretes high compressive strength and steels high tensile strength forms a durable structure that can stand extreme condition. The thick mortar coating on the pipe protects the steel cylinder, joint rings, and pre-stressing wire from corrosion, which makes it ideal for water transmission, municipal wastewater applications, and industrial piping. PCCP does not require any bracing, compacted bedding, trucking in aggregate, unshrinkable fill, and welding, which makes it easier and economical to install.
The global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe market was valued at US$ million in 2023 and is anticipated to reach US$ million by 2030, witnessing a CAGR of % during the forecast period 2024-2030.
North American market for Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe is estimated to increase from $ million in 2023 to reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2024 through 2030.
Asia-Pacific market for Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe is estimated to increase from $ million in 2023 to reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2024 through 2030.
The major global manufacturers of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe include Pure Technologies Ltd., Ameron International Corporation, Csawwa, WaterRF, Hume Pipe, Phoenix, Zhejiang Dragon Pipe, Xinjiang Guotong Pipeline and Shandong Longquan Pipeline Engineering, etc. In 2023, the world's top three vendors accounted for approximately % of the revenue.
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe.
Report Scope
The Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of output/shipments (Units) and revenue ($ millions), considering 2023 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2019 to 2030. This report segments the global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe market comprehensively. Regional market sizes, concerning products by Type, by Application, and by players, are also provided.
For a more in-depth understanding of the market, the report provides profiles of the competitive landscape, key competitors, and their respective market ranks. The report also discusses technological trends and new product developments.
The report will help the Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe manufacturers, new entrants, and industry chain related companies in this market with information on the revenues, production, and average price for the overall market and the sub-segments across the different segments, by company, by Type, by Application, and by regions.
Market Segmentation
By Company
Pure Technologies Ltd.
Ameron International Corporation
Csawwa
WaterRF
Hume Pipe
Phoenix
Zhejiang Dragon Pipe
Xinjiang Guotong Pipeline
Shandong Longquan Pipeline Engineering
Ningxia Qinglong Pipes Industry
Segment by Type
Embedded Steel Cylinder/Embedded Cylinder Pipe (ECP)
Outer Steel Cylinder/Lined Cylinder Pipe (LCP)
Segment by Application
Water Transmission & Distribution
Cooling Water System
Sewer Force Mains
Subaqueous Pipelines
Others
Production by Region
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Consumption by Region
North America
U.S.
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
China Taiwan
Southeast Asia
India
Latin America, Middle East & Africa
Mexico
Brazil
Turkey
GCC Countries
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, executive summary of different market segments (by region, by Type, by Application, etc), including the market size of each market segment, future development potential, and so on. It offers a high-level view of the current state of the market and its likely evolution in the short to mid-term, and long term.
Chapter 2: Detailed analysis of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe manufacturers competitive landscape, price, production and value market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 3: Production/output, value of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe by region/country. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region in the next six years.
Chapter 4: Consumption of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and production of each country in the world.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 6: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product production/output, value, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 9: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 10: The main points and conclusions of the report.
Prestressed concrete cylinder pipe (PCCP) consists of a concrete core, a thin steel cylinder, high tensile prestressing wires, and a mortar coating. Concretes high compressive strength and steels high tensile strength forms a durable structure that can stand extreme condition. The thick mortar coating on the pipe protects the steel cylinder, joint rings, and pre-stressing wire from corrosion, which makes it ideal for water transmission, municipal wastewater applications, and industrial piping. PCCP does not require any bracing, compacted bedding, trucking in aggregate, unshrinkable fill, and welding, which makes it easier and economical to install.
The global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe market was valued at US$ million in 2023 and is anticipated to reach US$ million by 2030, witnessing a CAGR of % during the forecast period 2024-2030.
North American market for Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe is estimated to increase from $ million in 2023 to reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2024 through 2030.
Asia-Pacific market for Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe is estimated to increase from $ million in 2023 to reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2024 through 2030.
The major global manufacturers of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe include Pure Technologies Ltd., Ameron International Corporation, Csawwa, WaterRF, Hume Pipe, Phoenix, Zhejiang Dragon Pipe, Xinjiang Guotong Pipeline and Shandong Longquan Pipeline Engineering, etc. In 2023, the world's top three vendors accounted for approximately % of the revenue.
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe.
Report Scope
The Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of output/shipments (Units) and revenue ($ millions), considering 2023 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2019 to 2030. This report segments the global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe market comprehensively. Regional market sizes, concerning products by Type, by Application, and by players, are also provided.
For a more in-depth understanding of the market, the report provides profiles of the competitive landscape, key competitors, and their respective market ranks. The report also discusses technological trends and new product developments.
The report will help the Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe manufacturers, new entrants, and industry chain related companies in this market with information on the revenues, production, and average price for the overall market and the sub-segments across the different segments, by company, by Type, by Application, and by regions.
Market Segmentation
By Company
Pure Technologies Ltd.
Ameron International Corporation
Csawwa
WaterRF
Hume Pipe
Phoenix
Zhejiang Dragon Pipe
Xinjiang Guotong Pipeline
Shandong Longquan Pipeline Engineering
Ningxia Qinglong Pipes Industry
Segment by Type
Embedded Steel Cylinder/Embedded Cylinder Pipe (ECP)
Outer Steel Cylinder/Lined Cylinder Pipe (LCP)
Segment by Application
Water Transmission & Distribution
Cooling Water System
Sewer Force Mains
Subaqueous Pipelines
Others
Production by Region
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Consumption by Region
North America
U.S.
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
China Taiwan
Southeast Asia
India
Latin America, Middle East & Africa
Mexico
Brazil
Turkey
GCC Countries
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, executive summary of different market segments (by region, by Type, by Application, etc), including the market size of each market segment, future development potential, and so on. It offers a high-level view of the current state of the market and its likely evolution in the short to mid-term, and long term.
Chapter 2: Detailed analysis of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe manufacturers competitive landscape, price, production and value market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 3: Production/output, value of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe by region/country. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region in the next six years.
Chapter 4: Consumption of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and production of each country in the world.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 6: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product production/output, value, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 9: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 10: The main points and conclusions of the report.
Index1 Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Market Overview
1.1 Product Definition
1.2 Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Type 2023 VS 2030
1.2.2 Embedded Steel Cylinder/Embedded Cylinder Pipe (ECP)
1.2.3 Outer Steel Cylinder/Lined Cylinder Pipe (LCP)
1.3 Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Segment by Application
1.3.1 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Application: 2023 VS 2030
1.3.2 Water Transmission & Distribution
1.3.3 Cooling Water System
1.3.4 Sewer Force Mains
1.3.5 Subaqueous Pipelines
1.3.6 Others
1.4 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.4.1 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.2 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production Capacity Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.3 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.4 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Market Average Price Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.5 Assumptions and Limitations
2 Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.2 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production Value Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.3 Global Key Players of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe, Industry Ranking, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
2.4 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
2.5 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Average Price by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.6 Global Key Manufacturers of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
2.7 Global Key Manufacturers of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe, Product Offered and Application
2.8 Global Key Manufacturers of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe, Date of Enter into This Industry
2.9 Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.9.1 Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Market Concentration Rate
2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Players Market Share by Revenue
2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production by Region
3.1 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production Value Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
3.2 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production Value by Region (2019-2030)
3.2.1 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production Value Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
3.2.2 Global Forecasted Production Value of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe by Region (2025-2030)
3.3 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
3.4 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production by Region (2019-2030)
3.4.1 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
3.4.2 Global Forecasted Production of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe by Region (2025-2030)
3.5 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Market Price Analysis by Region (2019-2024)
3.6 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production and Value, Year-over-Year Growth
3.6.1 North America Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.2 Europe Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.3 China Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.4 Japan Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
4 Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Consumption by Region
4.1 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Consumption Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.2 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Consumption by Region (2019-2030)
4.2.1 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Consumption by Region (2019-2024)
4.2.2 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Forecasted Consumption by Region (2025-2030)
4.3 North America
4.3.1 North America Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.3.2 North America Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.3.3 U.S.
4.3.4 Canada
4.4 Europe
4.4.1 Europe Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.4.2 Europe Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.4.3 Germany
4.4.4 France
4.4.5 U.K.
4.4.6 Italy
4.4.7 Russia
4.5 Asia Pacific
4.5.1 Asia Pacific Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.5.2 Asia Pacific Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Consumption by Region (2019-2030)
4.5.3 China
4.5.4 Japan
4.5.5 South Korea
4.5.6 China Taiwan
4.5.7 Southeast Asia
4.5.8 India
4.6 Latin America, Middle East & Africa
4.6.1 Latin America, Middle East & Africa Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.6.2 Latin America, Middle East & Africa Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.6.3 Mexico
4.6.4 Brazil
4.6.5 Turkey
5 Segment by Type
5.1 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production by Type (2019-2030)
5.1.1 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production by Type (2019-2024)
5.1.2 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production by Type (2025-2030)
5.1.3 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.2 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production Value by Type (2019-2030)
5.2.1 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production Value by Type (2019-2024)
5.2.2 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production Value by Type (2025-2030)
5.2.3 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production Value Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.3 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Price by Type (2019-2030)
6 Segment by Application
6.1 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production by Application (2019-2030)
6.1.1 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production by Application (2019-2024)
6.1.2 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production by Application (2025-2030)
6.1.3 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.2 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production Value by Application (2019-2030)
6.2.1 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production Value by Application (2019-2024)
6.2.2 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production Value by Application (2025-2030)
6.2.3 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production Value Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.3 Global Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Price by Application (2019-2030)
7 Key Companies Profiled
7.1 Pure Technologies Ltd.
7.1.1 Pure Technologies Ltd. Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Corporation Information
7.1.2 Pure Technologies Ltd. Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Product Portfolio
7.1.3 Pure Technologies Ltd. Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.1.4 Pure Technologies Ltd. Main Business and Markets Served
7.1.5 Pure Technologies Ltd. Recent Developments/Updates
7.2 Ameron International Corporation
7.2.1 Ameron International Corporation Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Corporation Information
7.2.2 Ameron International Corporation Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Product Portfolio
7.2.3 Ameron International Corporation Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.2.4 Ameron International Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
7.2.5 Ameron International Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
7.3 Csawwa
7.3.1 Csawwa Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Corporation Information
7.3.2 Csawwa Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Product Portfolio
7.3.3 Csawwa Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.3.4 Csawwa Main Business and Markets Served
7.3.5 Csawwa Recent Developments/Updates
7.4 WaterRF
7.4.1 WaterRF Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Corporation Information
7.4.2 WaterRF Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Product Portfolio
7.4.3 WaterRF Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.4.4 WaterRF Main Business and Markets Served
7.4.5 WaterRF Recent Developments/Updates
7.5 Hume Pipe
7.5.1 Hume Pipe Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Corporation Information
7.5.2 Hume Pipe Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Product Portfolio
7.5.3 Hume Pipe Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.5.4 Hume Pipe Main Business and Markets Served
7.5.5 Hume Pipe Recent Developments/Updates
7.6 Phoenix
7.6.1 Phoenix Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Corporation Information
7.6.2 Phoenix Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Product Portfolio
7.6.3 Phoenix Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.6.4 Phoenix Main Business and Markets Served
7.6.5 Phoenix Recent Developments/Updates
7.7 Zhejiang Dragon Pipe
7.7.1 Zhejiang Dragon Pipe Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Corporation Information
7.7.2 Zhejiang Dragon Pipe Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Product Portfolio
7.7.3 Zhejiang Dragon Pipe Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.7.4 Zhejiang Dragon Pipe Main Business and Markets Served
7.7.5 Zhejiang Dragon Pipe Recent Developments/Updates
7.8 Xinjiang Guotong Pipeline
7.8.1 Xinjiang Guotong Pipeline Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Corporation Information
7.8.2 Xinjiang Guotong Pipeline Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Product Portfolio
7.8.3 Xinjiang Guotong Pipeline Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.8.4 Xinjiang Guotong Pipeline Main Business and Markets Served
7.7.5 Xinjiang Guotong Pipeline Recent Developments/Updates
7.9 Shandong Longquan Pipeline Engineering
7.9.1 Shandong Longquan Pipeline Engineering Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Corporation Information
7.9.2 Shandong Longquan Pipeline Engineering Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Product Portfolio
7.9.3 Shandong Longquan Pipeline Engineering Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.9.4 Shandong Longquan Pipeline Engineering Main Business and Markets Served
7.9.5 Shandong Longquan Pipeline Engineering Recent Developments/Updates
7.10 Ningxia Qinglong Pipes Industry
7.10.1 Ningxia Qinglong Pipes Industry Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Corporation Information
7.10.2 Ningxia Qinglong Pipes Industry Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Product Portfolio
7.10.3 Ningxia Qinglong Pipes Industry Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.10.4 Ningxia Qinglong Pipes Industry Main Business and Markets Served
7.10.5 Ningxia Qinglong Pipes Industry Recent Developments/Updates
8 Industry Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
8.1 Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Industry Chain Analysis
8.2 Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Key Raw Materials
8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
8.3 Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Production Mode & Process
8.4 Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Sales and Marketing
8.4.1 Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Sales Channels
8.4.2 Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Distributors
8.5 Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Customers
9 Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Market Dynamics
9.1 Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Industry Trends
9.2 Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Market Drivers
9.3 Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Market Challenges
9.4 Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Market Restraints
10 Research Finding and Conclusion
11 Methodology and Data Source
11.1 Methodology/Research Approach
11.1.1 Research Programs/Design
11.1.2 Market Size Estimation
11.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
11.2 Data Source
11.2.1 Secondary Sources
11.2.2 Primary Sources
11.3 Author List
11.4 Disclaimer
Published By : QY Research
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