Index
1 Thermal Fogger Market Overview
1.1 Product Definition
1.2 Thermal Fogger Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Thermal Fogger Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Type 2023 VS 2030
1.2.2 Gas Foggers
1.2.3 Fuel Foggers
1.2.4 Electric Foggers
1.3 Thermal Fogger Segment by Application
1.3.1 Global Thermal Fogger Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Application: 2023 VS 2030
1.3.2 Agricultural Fumigation
1.3.3 Control Insects
1.3.4 Other
1.4 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.4.1 Global Thermal Fogger Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.2 Global Thermal Fogger Production Capacity Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.3 Global Thermal Fogger Production Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.4 Global Thermal Fogger Market Average Price Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.5 Assumptions and Limitations
2 Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Thermal Fogger Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.2 Global Thermal Fogger Production Value Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.3 Global Key Players of Thermal Fogger, Industry Ranking, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
2.4 Global Thermal Fogger Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
2.5 Global Thermal Fogger Average Price by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.6 Global Key Manufacturers of Thermal Fogger, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
2.7 Global Key Manufacturers of Thermal Fogger, Product Offered and Application
2.8 Global Key Manufacturers of Thermal Fogger, Date of Enter into This Industry
2.9 Thermal Fogger Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.9.1 Thermal Fogger Market Concentration Rate
2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Thermal Fogger Players Market Share by Revenue
2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Thermal Fogger Production by Region
3.1 Global Thermal Fogger Production Value Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
3.2 Global Thermal Fogger Production Value by Region (2019-2030)
3.2.1 Global Thermal Fogger Production Value Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
3.2.2 Global Forecasted Production Value of Thermal Fogger by Region (2025-2030)
3.3 Global Thermal Fogger Production Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
3.4 Global Thermal Fogger Production by Region (2019-2030)
3.4.1 Global Thermal Fogger Production Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
3.4.2 Global Forecasted Production of Thermal Fogger by Region (2025-2030)
3.5 Global Thermal Fogger Market Price Analysis by Region (2019-2024)
3.6 Global Thermal Fogger Production and Value, Year-over-Year Growth
3.6.1 North America Thermal Fogger Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.2 Europe Thermal Fogger Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.3 China Thermal Fogger Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.4 Japan Thermal Fogger Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
4 Thermal Fogger Consumption by Region
4.1 Global Thermal Fogger Consumption Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.2 Global Thermal Fogger Consumption by Region (2019-2030)
4.2.1 Global Thermal Fogger Consumption by Region (2019-2024)
4.2.2 Global Thermal Fogger Forecasted Consumption by Region (2025-2030)
4.3 North America
4.3.1 North America Thermal Fogger Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.3.2 North America Thermal Fogger Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.3.3 U.S.
4.3.4 Canada
4.4 Europe
4.4.1 Europe Thermal Fogger Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.4.2 Europe Thermal Fogger Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.4.3 Germany
4.4.4 France
4.4.5 U.K.
4.4.6 Italy
4.4.7 Russia
4.5 Asia Pacific
4.5.1 Asia Pacific Thermal Fogger Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.5.2 Asia Pacific Thermal Fogger Consumption by Region (2019-2030)
4.5.3 China
4.5.4 Japan
4.5.5 South Korea
4.5.6 China Taiwan
4.5.7 Southeast Asia
4.5.8 India
4.6 Latin America, Middle East & Africa
4.6.1 Latin America, Middle East & Africa Thermal Fogger Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.6.2 Latin America, Middle East & Africa Thermal Fogger Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.6.3 Mexico
4.6.4 Brazil
4.6.5 Turkey
5 Segment by Type
5.1 Global Thermal Fogger Production by Type (2019-2030)
5.1.1 Global Thermal Fogger Production by Type (2019-2024)
5.1.2 Global Thermal Fogger Production by Type (2025-2030)
5.1.3 Global Thermal Fogger Production Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.2 Global Thermal Fogger Production Value by Type (2019-2030)
5.2.1 Global Thermal Fogger Production Value by Type (2019-2024)
5.2.2 Global Thermal Fogger Production Value by Type (2025-2030)
5.2.3 Global Thermal Fogger Production Value Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.3 Global Thermal Fogger Price by Type (2019-2030)
6 Segment by Application
6.1 Global Thermal Fogger Production by Application (2019-2030)
6.1.1 Global Thermal Fogger Production by Application (2019-2024)
6.1.2 Global Thermal Fogger Production by Application (2025-2030)
6.1.3 Global Thermal Fogger Production Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.2 Global Thermal Fogger Production Value by Application (2019-2030)
6.2.1 Global Thermal Fogger Production Value by Application (2019-2024)
6.2.2 Global Thermal Fogger Production Value by Application (2025-2030)
6.2.3 Global Thermal Fogger Production Value Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.3 Global Thermal Fogger Price by Application (2019-2030)
7 Key Companies Profiled
7.1 Longray
7.1.1 Longray Thermal Fogger Corporation Information
7.1.2 Longray Thermal Fogger Product Portfolio
7.1.3 Longray Thermal Fogger Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.1.4 Longray Main Business and Markets Served
7.1.5 Longray Recent Developments/Updates
7.2 SM BURE
7.2.1 SM BURE Thermal Fogger Corporation Information
7.2.2 SM BURE Thermal Fogger Product Portfolio
7.2.3 SM BURE Thermal Fogger Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.2.4 SM BURE Main Business and Markets Served
7.2.5 SM BURE Recent Developments/Updates
7.3 IGEBA
7.3.1 IGEBA Thermal Fogger Corporation Information
7.3.2 IGEBA Thermal Fogger Product Portfolio
7.3.3 IGEBA Thermal Fogger Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.3.4 IGEBA Main Business and Markets Served
7.3.5 IGEBA Recent Developments/Updates
7.4 Pestline
7.4.1 Pestline Thermal Fogger Corporation Information
7.4.2 Pestline Thermal Fogger Product Portfolio
7.4.3 Pestline Thermal Fogger Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.4.4 Pestline Main Business and Markets Served
7.4.5 Pestline Recent Developments/Updates
7.5 Vectornate
7.5.1 Vectornate Thermal Fogger Corporation Information
7.5.2 Vectornate Thermal Fogger Product Portfolio
7.5.3 Vectornate Thermal Fogger Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.5.4 Vectornate Main Business and Markets Served
7.5.5 Vectornate Recent Developments/Updates
7.6 pulsFOG
7.6.1 pulsFOG Thermal Fogger Corporation Information
7.6.2 pulsFOG Thermal Fogger Product Portfolio
7.6.3 pulsFOG Thermal Fogger Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.6.4 pulsFOG Main Business and Markets Served
7.6.5 pulsFOG Recent Developments/Updates
7.7 Pestworker STEEL PRO
7.7.1 Pestworker STEEL PRO Thermal Fogger Corporation Information
7.7.2 Pestworker STEEL PRO Thermal Fogger Product Portfolio
7.7.3 Pestworker STEEL PRO Thermal Fogger Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.7.4 Pestworker STEEL PRO Main Business and Markets Served
7.7.5 Pestworker STEEL PRO Recent Developments/Updates
8 Industry Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
8.1 Thermal Fogger Industry Chain Analysis
8.2 Thermal Fogger Key Raw Materials
8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
8.3 Thermal Fogger Production Mode & Process
8.4 Thermal Fogger Sales and Marketing
8.4.1 Thermal Fogger Sales Channels
8.4.2 Thermal Fogger Distributors
8.5 Thermal Fogger Customers
9 Thermal Fogger Market Dynamics
9.1 Thermal Fogger Industry Trends
9.2 Thermal Fogger Market Drivers
9.3 Thermal Fogger Market Challenges
9.4 Thermal Fogger Market Restraints
10 Research Finding and Conclusion
11 Methodology and Data Source
11.1 Methodology/Research Approach
11.1.1 Research Programs/Design
11.1.2 Market Size Estimation
11.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
11.2 Data Source
11.2.1 Secondary Sources
11.2.2 Primary Sources
11.3 Author List
11.4 Disclaimer
List of Tables
List of Tables
Table 1. Global Thermal Fogger Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Table 2. Global Thermal Fogger Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Table 3. Global Thermal Fogger Production Capacity (K Units) by Manufacturers in 2023
Table 4. Global Thermal Fogger Production by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 5. Global Thermal Fogger Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 6. Global Thermal Fogger Production Value by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Thermal Fogger Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 8. Global Thermal Fogger Industry Ranking 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Thermal Fogger as of 2023)
Table 10. Global Market Thermal Fogger Average Price by Manufacturers (USD/Unit) & (2019-2024)
Table 11. Manufacturers Thermal Fogger Production Sites and Area Served
Table 12. Manufacturers Thermal Fogger Product Types
Table 13. Global Thermal Fogger Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 14. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
Table 15. Global Thermal Fogger Production Value by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 16. Global Thermal Fogger Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 17. Global Thermal Fogger Production Value Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 18. Global Thermal Fogger Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 19. Global Thermal Fogger Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 20. Global Thermal Fogger Production Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 21. Global Thermal Fogger Production (K Units) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 22. Global Thermal Fogger Production Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 23. Global Thermal Fogger Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 24. Global Thermal Fogger Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 25. Global Thermal Fogger Market Average Price (USD/Unit) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 26. Global Thermal Fogger Market Average Price (USD/Unit) by Region (2025-2030)
Table 27. Global Thermal Fogger Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 28. Global Thermal Fogger Consumption by Region (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 29. Global Thermal Fogger Consumption Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 30. Global Thermal Fogger Forecasted Consumption by Region (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 31. Global Thermal Fogger Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 32. North America Thermal Fogger Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 33. North America Thermal Fogger Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 34. North America Thermal Fogger Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 35. Europe Thermal Fogger Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 36. Europe Thermal Fogger Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 37. Europe Thermal Fogger Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 38. Asia Pacific Thermal Fogger Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Thermal Fogger Consumption by Region (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Thermal Fogger Consumption by Region (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 41. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Thermal Fogger Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Thermal Fogger Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Thermal Fogger Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 44. Global Thermal Fogger Production (K Units) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 45. Global Thermal Fogger Production (K Units) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 46. Global Thermal Fogger Production Market Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 47. Global Thermal Fogger Production Market Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 48. Global Thermal Fogger Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 49. Global Thermal Fogger Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 50. Global Thermal Fogger Production Value Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 51. Global Thermal Fogger Production Value Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 52. Global Thermal Fogger Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 53. Global Thermal Fogger Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 54. Global Thermal Fogger Production (K Units) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 55. Global Thermal Fogger Production (K Units) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 56. Global Thermal Fogger Production Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 57. Global Thermal Fogger Production Market Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 58. Global Thermal Fogger Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 59. Global Thermal Fogger Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 60. Global Thermal Fogger Production Value Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 61. Global Thermal Fogger Production Value Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 62. Global Thermal Fogger Price (USD/Unit) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 63. Global Thermal Fogger Price (USD/Unit) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 64. Longray Thermal Fogger Corporation Information
Table 65. Longray Specification and Application
Table 66. Longray Thermal Fogger Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 67. Longray Main Business and Markets Served
Table 68. Longray Recent Developments/Updates
Table 69. SM BURE Thermal Fogger Corporation Information
Table 70. SM BURE Specification and Application
Table 71. SM BURE Thermal Fogger Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 72. SM BURE Main Business and Markets Served
Table 73. SM BURE Recent Developments/Updates
Table 74. IGEBA Thermal Fogger Corporation Information
Table 75. IGEBA Specification and Application
Table 76. IGEBA Thermal Fogger Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 77. IGEBA Main Business and Markets Served
Table 78. IGEBA Recent Developments/Updates
Table 79. Pestline Thermal Fogger Corporation Information
Table 80. Pestline Specification and Application
Table 81. Pestline Thermal Fogger Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 82. Pestline Main Business and Markets Served
Table 83. Pestline Recent Developments/Updates
Table 84. Vectornate Thermal Fogger Corporation Information
Table 85. Vectornate Specification and Application
Table 86. Vectornate Thermal Fogger Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 87. Vectornate Main Business and Markets Served
Table 88. Vectornate Recent Developments/Updates
Table 89. pulsFOG Thermal Fogger Corporation Information
Table 90. pulsFOG Specification and Application
Table 91. pulsFOG Thermal Fogger Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 92. pulsFOG Main Business and Markets Served
Table 93. pulsFOG Recent Developments/Updates
Table 94. Pestworker STEEL PRO Thermal Fogger Corporation Information
Table 95. Pestworker STEEL PRO Specification and Application
Table 96. Pestworker STEEL PRO Thermal Fogger Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 97. Pestworker STEEL PRO Main Business and Markets Served
Table 98. Pestworker STEEL PRO Recent Developments/Updates
Table 99. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 100. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 101. Thermal Fogger Distributors List
Table 102. Thermal Fogger Customers List
Table 103. Thermal Fogger Market Trends
Table 104. Thermal Fogger Market Drivers
Table 105. Thermal Fogger Market Challenges
Table 106. Thermal Fogger Market Restraints
Table 107. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 108. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 109. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Thermal Fogger
Figure 2. Global Thermal Fogger Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Figure 3. Global Thermal Fogger Market Share by Type: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 4. Gas Foggers Product Picture
Figure 5. Fuel Foggers Product Picture
Figure 6. Electric Foggers Product Picture
Figure 7. Global Thermal Fogger Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Figure 8. Global Thermal Fogger Market Share by Application: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 9. Agricultural Fumigation
Figure 10. Control Insects
Figure 11. Other
Figure 12. Global Thermal Fogger Production Value (US$ Million), 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 13. Global Thermal Fogger Production Value (US$ Million) & (2019-2030)
Figure 14. Global Thermal Fogger Production (K Units) & (2019-2030)
Figure 15. Global Thermal Fogger Average Price (USD/Unit) & (2019-2030)
Figure 16. Thermal Fogger Report Years Considered
Figure 17. Thermal Fogger Production Share by Manufacturers in 2023
Figure 18. Thermal Fogger Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2019 VS 2023
Figure 19. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Thermal Fogger Revenue in 2023
Figure 20. Global Thermal Fogger Production Value by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 21. Global Thermal Fogger Production Value Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 22. Global Thermal Fogger Production Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Figure 23. Global Thermal Fogger Production Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 24. North America Thermal Fogger Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 25. Europe Thermal Fogger Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 26. China Thermal Fogger Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 27. Japan Thermal Fogger Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 28. Global Thermal Fogger Consumption by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Figure 29. Global Thermal Fogger Consumption Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 30. North America Thermal Fogger Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 31. North America Thermal Fogger Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 32. Canada Thermal Fogger Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 33. U.S. Thermal Fogger Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 34. Europe Thermal Fogger Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 35. Europe Thermal Fogger Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 36. Germany Thermal Fogger Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 37. France Thermal Fogger Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 38. U.K. Thermal Fogger Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 39. Italy Thermal Fogger Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 40. Russia Thermal Fogger Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 41. Asia Pacific Thermal Fogger Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 42. Asia Pacific Thermal Fogger Consumption Market Share by Regions (2019-2030)
Figure 43. China Thermal Fogger Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 44. Japan Thermal Fogger Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 45. South Korea Thermal Fogger Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 46. China Taiwan Thermal Fogger Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 47. Southeast Asia Thermal Fogger Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 48. India Thermal Fogger Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 49. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Thermal Fogger Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 50. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Thermal Fogger Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 51. Mexico Thermal Fogger Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 52. Brazil Thermal Fogger Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 53. Turkey Thermal Fogger Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 54. GCC Countries Thermal Fogger Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 55. Global Production Market Share of Thermal Fogger by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 56. Global Production Value Market Share of Thermal Fogger by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 57. Global Thermal Fogger Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 58. Global Production Market Share of Thermal Fogger by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 59. Global Production Value Market Share of Thermal Fogger by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 60. Global Thermal Fogger Price (USD/Unit) by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 61. Thermal Fogger Value Chain
Figure 62. Thermal Fogger Production Process
Figure 63. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 64. Distributors Profiles
Figure 65. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 66. Data Triangulation