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Global Water Hardness Removal Market Research Report 2025
Synopsis
Water Hardness Removal is the device to remove of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water.
The global Water Hardness Removal market was valued at US$ 1633 million in 2023 and is anticipated to reach US$ 2517.1 million by 2030, witnessing a CAGR of 6.3% during the forecast period 2024-2030.
Global Water Hardness Removal key players include Culligan, Ecowater (Marmon), 3M, Kinetico, etc. Global top four manufacturers hold a share over 30%.
China is the largest market, with a share over 25%, followed by Asia-Pacific (W/O China), and North America, both have a share over 40 percent.
In terms of product, Salt-based Water Hardness Removal is the largest segment, with a share over 65%. And in terms of application, the largest application is Resident, followed by Commerce, Industrial.
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Water Hardness Removal, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Water Hardness Removal.
Report Scope
The Water Hardness Removal market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of output/shipments (K Units) and revenue ($ millions), considering 2023 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2019 to 2030. This report segments the global Water Hardness Removal market comprehensively. Regional market sizes, concerning products by Type, by Application, and by players, are also provided.
For a more in-depth understanding of the market, the report provides profiles of the competitive landscape, key competitors, and their respective market ranks. The report also discusses technological trends and new product developments.
The report will help the Water Hardness Removal manufacturers, new entrants, and industry chain related companies in this market with information on the revenues, production, and average price for the overall market and the sub-segments across the different segments, by company, by Type, by Application, and by regions.
Market Segmentation
By Company
Culligan
Ecowater (Marmon)
3M
Kinetico
Hans Sasserath
GE Appliances
A. O. Smith
Eureka Forbes
Pentair
Panasonic
Canature
Aquasana
Marlo
Angel
Hansidun
Qinyuan
Kent
King-life
Robert B. Hill
ENMET
PRAISE
Litree
Nuvo H20
DNC
Segment by Type
Salt-based Water Hardness Removal
Salt-free Water Hardness Removal
Others
Segment by Application
Resident
Commerce
Industrial
Production by Region
North America
Europe
China
Japan
India
Consumption by Region
North America
U.S.
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
China Taiwan
Southeast Asia
India
Latin America, Middle East & Africa
Mexico
Brazil
Turkey
GCC Countries
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, executive summary of different market segments (by region, by Type, by Application, etc), including the market size of each market segment, future development potential, and so on. It offers a high-level view of the current state of the market and its likely evolution in the short to mid-term, and long term.
Chapter 2: Detailed analysis of Water Hardness Removal manufacturers competitive landscape, price, production and value market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 3: Production/output, value of Water Hardness Removal by region/country. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region in the next six years.
Chapter 4: Consumption of Water Hardness Removal in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and production of each country in the world.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 6: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product production/output, value, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 9: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 10: The main points and conclusions of the report.
Water Hardness Removal is the device to remove of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water.
The global Water Hardness Removal market was valued at US$ 1633 million in 2023 and is anticipated to reach US$ 2517.1 million by 2030, witnessing a CAGR of 6.3% during the forecast period 2024-2030.
Global Water Hardness Removal key players include Culligan, Ecowater (Marmon), 3M, Kinetico, etc. Global top four manufacturers hold a share over 30%.
China is the largest market, with a share over 25%, followed by Asia-Pacific (W/O China), and North America, both have a share over 40 percent.
In terms of product, Salt-based Water Hardness Removal is the largest segment, with a share over 65%. And in terms of application, the largest application is Resident, followed by Commerce, Industrial.
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Water Hardness Removal, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Water Hardness Removal.
Report Scope
The Water Hardness Removal market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of output/shipments (K Units) and revenue ($ millions), considering 2023 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2019 to 2030. This report segments the global Water Hardness Removal market comprehensively. Regional market sizes, concerning products by Type, by Application, and by players, are also provided.
For a more in-depth understanding of the market, the report provides profiles of the competitive landscape, key competitors, and their respective market ranks. The report also discusses technological trends and new product developments.
The report will help the Water Hardness Removal manufacturers, new entrants, and industry chain related companies in this market with information on the revenues, production, and average price for the overall market and the sub-segments across the different segments, by company, by Type, by Application, and by regions.
Market Segmentation
By Company
Culligan
Ecowater (Marmon)
3M
Kinetico
Hans Sasserath
GE Appliances
A. O. Smith
Eureka Forbes
Pentair
Panasonic
Canature
Aquasana
Marlo
Angel
Hansidun
Qinyuan
Kent
King-life
Robert B. Hill
ENMET
PRAISE
Litree
Nuvo H20
DNC
Segment by Type
Salt-based Water Hardness Removal
Salt-free Water Hardness Removal
Others
Segment by Application
Resident
Commerce
Industrial
Production by Region
North America
Europe
China
Japan
India
Consumption by Region
North America
U.S.
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
China Taiwan
Southeast Asia
India
Latin America, Middle East & Africa
Mexico
Brazil
Turkey
GCC Countries
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, executive summary of different market segments (by region, by Type, by Application, etc), including the market size of each market segment, future development potential, and so on. It offers a high-level view of the current state of the market and its likely evolution in the short to mid-term, and long term.
Chapter 2: Detailed analysis of Water Hardness Removal manufacturers competitive landscape, price, production and value market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 3: Production/output, value of Water Hardness Removal by region/country. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region in the next six years.
Chapter 4: Consumption of Water Hardness Removal in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and production of each country in the world.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 6: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product production/output, value, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 9: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 10: The main points and conclusions of the report.
Index1 Water Hardness Removal Market Overview
1.1 Product Definition
1.2 Water Hardness Removal Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Water Hardness Removal Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Type 2023 VS 2030
1.2.2 Salt-based Water Hardness Removal
1.2.3 Salt-free Water Hardness Removal
1.2.4 Others
1.3 Water Hardness Removal Segment by Application
1.3.1 Global Water Hardness Removal Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Application: 2023 VS 2030
1.3.2 Resident
1.3.3 Commerce
1.3.4 Industrial
1.4 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.4.1 Global Water Hardness Removal Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.2 Global Water Hardness Removal Production Capacity Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.3 Global Water Hardness Removal Production Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.4 Global Water Hardness Removal Market Average Price Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.5 Assumptions and Limitations
2 Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Water Hardness Removal Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.2 Global Water Hardness Removal Production Value Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.3 Global Key Players of Water Hardness Removal, Industry Ranking, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
2.4 Global Water Hardness Removal Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
2.5 Global Water Hardness Removal Average Price by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.6 Global Key Manufacturers of Water Hardness Removal, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
2.7 Global Key Manufacturers of Water Hardness Removal, Product Offered and Application
2.8 Global Key Manufacturers of Water Hardness Removal, Date of Enter into This Industry
2.9 Water Hardness Removal Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.9.1 Water Hardness Removal Market Concentration Rate
2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Water Hardness Removal Players Market Share by Revenue
2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Water Hardness Removal Production by Region
3.1 Global Water Hardness Removal Production Value Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
3.2 Global Water Hardness Removal Production Value by Region (2019-2030)
3.2.1 Global Water Hardness Removal Production Value Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
3.2.2 Global Forecasted Production Value of Water Hardness Removal by Region (2025-2030)
3.3 Global Water Hardness Removal Production Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
3.4 Global Water Hardness Removal Production by Region (2019-2030)
3.4.1 Global Water Hardness Removal Production Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
3.4.2 Global Forecasted Production of Water Hardness Removal by Region (2025-2030)
3.5 Global Water Hardness Removal Market Price Analysis by Region (2019-2024)
3.6 Global Water Hardness Removal Production and Value, Year-over-Year Growth
3.6.1 North America Water Hardness Removal Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.2 Europe Water Hardness Removal Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.3 China Water Hardness Removal Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.4 Japan Water Hardness Removal Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.5 India Water Hardness Removal Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
4 Water Hardness Removal Consumption by Region
4.1 Global Water Hardness Removal Consumption Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.2 Global Water Hardness Removal Consumption by Region (2019-2030)
4.2.1 Global Water Hardness Removal Consumption by Region (2019-2024)
4.2.2 Global Water Hardness Removal Forecasted Consumption by Region (2025-2030)
4.3 North America
4.3.1 North America Water Hardness Removal Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.3.2 North America Water Hardness Removal Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.3.3 U.S.
4.3.4 Canada
4.4 Europe
4.4.1 Europe Water Hardness Removal Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.4.2 Europe Water Hardness Removal Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.4.3 Germany
4.4.4 France
4.4.5 U.K.
4.4.6 Italy
4.4.7 Russia
4.5 Asia Pacific
4.5.1 Asia Pacific Water Hardness Removal Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.5.2 Asia Pacific Water Hardness Removal Consumption by Region (2019-2030)
4.5.3 China
4.5.4 Japan
4.5.5 South Korea
4.5.6 China Taiwan
4.5.7 Southeast Asia
4.5.8 India
4.6 Latin America, Middle East & Africa
4.6.1 Latin America, Middle East & Africa Water Hardness Removal Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.6.2 Latin America, Middle East & Africa Water Hardness Removal Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.6.3 Mexico
4.6.4 Brazil
4.6.5 Turkey
5 Segment by Type
5.1 Global Water Hardness Removal Production by Type (2019-2030)
5.1.1 Global Water Hardness Removal Production by Type (2019-2024)
5.1.2 Global Water Hardness Removal Production by Type (2025-2030)
5.1.3 Global Water Hardness Removal Production Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.2 Global Water Hardness Removal Production Value by Type (2019-2030)
5.2.1 Global Water Hardness Removal Production Value by Type (2019-2024)
5.2.2 Global Water Hardness Removal Production Value by Type (2025-2030)
5.2.3 Global Water Hardness Removal Production Value Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.3 Global Water Hardness Removal Price by Type (2019-2030)
6 Segment by Application
6.1 Global Water Hardness Removal Production by Application (2019-2030)
6.1.1 Global Water Hardness Removal Production by Application (2019-2024)
6.1.2 Global Water Hardness Removal Production by Application (2025-2030)
6.1.3 Global Water Hardness Removal Production Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.2 Global Water Hardness Removal Production Value by Application (2019-2030)
6.2.1 Global Water Hardness Removal Production Value by Application (2019-2024)
6.2.2 Global Water Hardness Removal Production Value by Application (2025-2030)
6.2.3 Global Water Hardness Removal Production Value Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.3 Global Water Hardness Removal Price by Application (2019-2030)
7 Key Companies Profiled
7.1 Culligan
7.1.1 Culligan Water Hardness Removal Corporation Information
7.1.2 Culligan Water Hardness Removal Product Portfolio
7.1.3 Culligan Water Hardness Removal Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.1.4 Culligan Main Business and Markets Served
7.1.5 Culligan Recent Developments/Updates
7.2 Ecowater (Marmon)
7.2.1 Ecowater (Marmon) Water Hardness Removal Corporation Information
7.2.2 Ecowater (Marmon) Water Hardness Removal Product Portfolio
7.2.3 Ecowater (Marmon) Water Hardness Removal Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.2.4 Ecowater (Marmon) Main Business and Markets Served
7.2.5 Ecowater (Marmon) Recent Developments/Updates
7.3 3M
7.3.1 3M Water Hardness Removal Corporation Information
7.3.2 3M Water Hardness Removal Product Portfolio
7.3.3 3M Water Hardness Removal Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.3.4 3M Main Business and Markets Served
7.3.5 3M Recent Developments/Updates
7.4 Kinetico
7.4.1 Kinetico Water Hardness Removal Corporation Information
7.4.2 Kinetico Water Hardness Removal Product Portfolio
7.4.3 Kinetico Water Hardness Removal Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.4.4 Kinetico Main Business and Markets Served
7.4.5 Kinetico Recent Developments/Updates
7.5 Hans Sasserath
7.5.1 Hans Sasserath Water Hardness Removal Corporation Information
7.5.2 Hans Sasserath Water Hardness Removal Product Portfolio
7.5.3 Hans Sasserath Water Hardness Removal Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.5.4 Hans Sasserath Main Business and Markets Served
7.5.5 Hans Sasserath Recent Developments/Updates
7.6 GE Appliances
7.6.1 GE Appliances Water Hardness Removal Corporation Information
7.6.2 GE Appliances Water Hardness Removal Product Portfolio
7.6.3 GE Appliances Water Hardness Removal Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.6.4 GE Appliances Main Business and Markets Served
7.6.5 GE Appliances Recent Developments/Updates
7.7 A. O. Smith
7.7.1 A. O. Smith Water Hardness Removal Corporation Information
7.7.2 A. O. Smith Water Hardness Removal Product Portfolio
7.7.3 A. O. Smith Water Hardness Removal Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.7.4 A. O. Smith Main Business and Markets Served
7.7.5 A. O. Smith Recent Developments/Updates
7.8 Eureka Forbes
7.8.1 Eureka Forbes Water Hardness Removal Corporation Information
7.8.2 Eureka Forbes Water Hardness Removal Product Portfolio
7.8.3 Eureka Forbes Water Hardness Removal Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.8.4 Eureka Forbes Main Business and Markets Served
7.7.5 Eureka Forbes Recent Developments/Updates
7.9 Pentair
7.9.1 Pentair Water Hardness Removal Corporation Information
7.9.2 Pentair Water Hardness Removal Product Portfolio
7.9.3 Pentair Water Hardness Removal Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.9.4 Pentair Main Business and Markets Served
7.9.5 Pentair Recent Developments/Updates
7.10 Panasonic
7.10.1 Panasonic Water Hardness Removal Corporation Information
7.10.2 Panasonic Water Hardness Removal Product Portfolio
7.10.3 Panasonic Water Hardness Removal Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.10.4 Panasonic Main Business and Markets Served
7.10.5 Panasonic Recent Developments/Updates
7.11 Canature
7.11.1 Canature Water Hardness Removal Corporation Information
7.11.2 Canature Water Hardness Removal Product Portfolio
7.11.3 Canature Water Hardness Removal Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.11.4 Canature Main Business and Markets Served
7.11.5 Canature Recent Developments/Updates
7.12 Aquasana
7.12.1 Aquasana Water Hardness Removal Corporation Information
7.12.2 Aquasana Water Hardness Removal Product Portfolio
7.12.3 Aquasana Water Hardness Removal Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.12.4 Aquasana Main Business and Markets Served
7.12.5 Aquasana Recent Developments/Updates
7.13 Marlo
7.13.1 Marlo Water Hardness Removal Corporation Information
7.13.2 Marlo Water Hardness Removal Product Portfolio
7.13.3 Marlo Water Hardness Removal Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.13.4 Marlo Main Business and Markets Served
7.13.5 Marlo Recent Developments/Updates
7.14 Angel
7.14.1 Angel Water Hardness Removal Corporation Information
7.14.2 Angel Water Hardness Removal Product Portfolio
7.14.3 Angel Water Hardness Removal Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.14.4 Angel Main Business and Markets Served
7.14.5 Angel Recent Developments/Updates
7.15 Hansidun
7.15.1 Hansidun Water Hardness Removal Corporation Information
7.15.2 Hansidun Water Hardness Removal Product Portfolio
7.15.3 Hansidun Water Hardness Removal Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.15.4 Hansidun Main Business and Markets Served
7.15.5 Hansidun Recent Developments/Updates
7.16 Qinyuan
7.16.1 Qinyuan Water Hardness Removal Corporation Information
7.16.2 Qinyuan Water Hardness Removal Product Portfolio
7.16.3 Qinyuan Water Hardness Removal Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.16.4 Qinyuan Main Business and Markets Served
7.16.5 Qinyuan Recent Developments/Updates
7.17 Kent
7.17.1 Kent Water Hardness Removal Corporation Information
7.17.2 Kent Water Hardness Removal Product Portfolio
7.17.3 Kent Water Hardness Removal Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.17.4 Kent Main Business and Markets Served
7.17.5 Kent Recent Developments/Updates
7.18 King-life
7.18.1 King-life Water Hardness Removal Corporation Information
7.18.2 King-life Water Hardness Removal Product Portfolio
7.18.3 King-life Water Hardness Removal Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.18.4 King-life Main Business and Markets Served
7.18.5 King-life Recent Developments/Updates
7.19 Robert B. Hill
7.19.1 Robert B. Hill Water Hardness Removal Corporation Information
7.19.2 Robert B. Hill Water Hardness Removal Product Portfolio
7.19.3 Robert B. Hill Water Hardness Removal Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.19.4 Robert B. Hill Main Business and Markets Served
7.19.5 Robert B. Hill Recent Developments/Updates
7.20 ENMET
7.20.1 ENMET Water Hardness Removal Corporation Information
7.20.2 ENMET Water Hardness Removal Product Portfolio
7.20.3 ENMET Water Hardness Removal Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.20.4 ENMET Main Business and Markets Served
7.20.5 ENMET Recent Developments/Updates
7.21 PRAISE
7.21.1 PRAISE Water Hardness Removal Corporation Information
7.21.2 PRAISE Water Hardness Removal Product Portfolio
7.21.3 PRAISE Water Hardness Removal Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.21.4 PRAISE Main Business and Markets Served
7.21.5 PRAISE Recent Developments/Updates
7.22 Litree
7.22.1 Litree Water Hardness Removal Corporation Information
7.22.2 Litree Water Hardness Removal Product Portfolio
7.22.3 Litree Water Hardness Removal Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.22.4 Litree Main Business and Markets Served
7.22.5 Litree Recent Developments/Updates
7.23 Nuvo H20
7.23.1 Nuvo H20 Water Hardness Removal Corporation Information
7.23.2 Nuvo H20 Water Hardness Removal Product Portfolio
7.23.3 Nuvo H20 Water Hardness Removal Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.23.4 Nuvo H20 Main Business and Markets Served
7.23.5 Nuvo H20 Recent Developments/Updates
7.24 DNC
7.24.1 DNC Water Hardness Removal Corporation Information
7.24.2 DNC Water Hardness Removal Product Portfolio
7.24.3 DNC Water Hardness Removal Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.24.4 DNC Main Business and Markets Served
7.24.5 DNC Recent Developments/Updates
8 Industry Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
8.1 Water Hardness Removal Industry Chain Analysis
8.2 Water Hardness Removal Key Raw Materials
8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
8.3 Water Hardness Removal Production Mode & Process
8.4 Water Hardness Removal Sales and Marketing
8.4.1 Water Hardness Removal Sales Channels
8.4.2 Water Hardness Removal Distributors
8.5 Water Hardness Removal Customers
9 Water Hardness Removal Market Dynamics
9.1 Water Hardness Removal Industry Trends
9.2 Water Hardness Removal Market Drivers
9.3 Water Hardness Removal Market Challenges
9.4 Water Hardness Removal Market Restraints
10 Research Finding and Conclusion
11 Methodology and Data Source
11.1 Methodology/Research Approach
11.1.1 Research Programs/Design
11.1.2 Market Size Estimation
11.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
11.2 Data Source
11.2.1 Secondary Sources
11.2.2 Primary Sources
11.3 Author List
11.4 Disclaimer
Published By : QY Research
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